Table 3.
Active immunotherapy in high-grade gliomas using autologous tumour cells (ATC)*.
| References | Type of trial | Patients | Antigen source Immune activation | Administration | Immune response | Clinical responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [46] | Case report | N = 1 recurrent GBM | irradiated ATC + fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete IL 2 | SC (10 injections) | ATR PBMC (lytic activity) | No survival benefit at 4 months |
|
| ||||||
| [47] | Pilot study | N = 11 newly diagnosed GBM after surgery and RT | ATC infected with NDV and inactivated with cisplatinum | SC (4 to 5 injections) | DTH (11/11-infected ATC)DTH (3/11-ATC) TI CD4/CD8 T cells (4/4) | No survival benefitNo correlation between survival and DTH response |
|
| ||||||
| [48] | Pilot study | N = 12 progressive HGG8 GBM, 4 AA | ATC + IGF-IR/AS ODN | SC (1 to 10 injections) | TI lymphocytes (4/9) | 1 CR 2 PR 2 SD (GBM) 1 CR, 2 PR (AA) |
|
| ||||||
| [49] | Case report | N = 1 recurrent GBM | irradiated ATC + fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete IL 4 | ID (2 injections in 5 sites) | No ATR PBL (ELISPOT) | 1 PR-survival: 10 months |
|
| ||||||
| [50] | Pilot study | N = 23 GBM after RT | irradiated ATC infected with NDV | ID (5 to 8 injections) | DTH (15/15) ATR PBMC (3/3) (IFNγ ELISPOT) TI CD8 cells (6/7) | 1 CR Median OS: 100 versus 49 weeks |
|
| ||||||
| [51] | Pilot study | N = 63 recurrent GBM 3 melanoma | irradiated ATC transduced with B7-2 and GM-CSF | SC (3 injections) | No ATR PBMC(CTL activity) (GBM) | Longer free disease survival (3/6–1 GBM) |
|
| ||||||
| [52] | Pilot study | N = 12 GBM 8 newly diagnosed GBM 4 recurrent GBM | formalin-fixed ATC tuberculin microparticles as adjuvant | SC (3 injections in 5 sites) | DTH (9/12) | 1 CR, 1 PR, 2 MR, 1 SD Median survival: 10.7 months 3 of 5 responders survival > 20 months |
|
| ||||||
| [53] | Phase I | N = 5 recurrent HGG 4 GBM, 1 AOA | irradiated ATC | SC (4 injections ) | DTH (2/5) | 3 SD (GBM) |
*: Abbreviations used in this table: see Table 1 and Table 2; ATR: anti-tumour responses; ID: intradermal injection; IGF-IR/AS ODN: insulin-like growth factor type I receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide; MR: minor response; NDV: Newcastle-Disease-Virus; PBL: peripheral blood lymphocytes; SC: subcutaneous; TI: tumour infiltration.