FIG. 4.

ELISA and multiplex ELISAs of cytokines from virus-infected cells. Infection of human DCs by NDV provoked strong responses in cytokine production. (a) Interferon was produced in abundance upon infection with NDV, while NiV proteins P, V, and W delayed production and release or completely abolished production (NiV W). Inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and CCL5 were similarly reduced in NDV-NiV infections. h.p.i., hours postinfection. (b) Summary multiplex ELISA data as heat maps normalized to the maximum amount of protein secreted for each cytokine after log₂ transformation. Assays for all cytokines except IFN-β were performed simultaneously using multiplex ELISA. IFN-β was measured using conventional ELISA.