Figure 1.
NPs and biomolecular interfaces. a) NPs, biomolecules, NP-biomolecule conjugates, and biological environments are much more complex (right) than typically depicted (left). (i) from [13] ; (ii) PDB ID 1YCC from [58], (iv) Illustration by David S. Goodsell, the Scripps Research Institute. b) Interface effects can diminish the biological function of NP-biomolecule conjugates (upper) and NPs used for therapy in cells and biological fluid, leading to undesirable and unpredictable side effects.