Table 4.
Adjusted* associations of lifetime psychopathologya with selected aspects of expression and course of alcoholism: U.S. adults 18 years of age and older with lifetime DSM-IV alcohol dependence (n=4,781)
| Aspects of clinical presentation/course | Type of lifetime psychopathologya (Referent = individuals with neither internalizing nor externalizing psychopathology) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing only (IO) | Externalizing only (EO) | Both internalizing and externalizing (BIE) | ||||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| Average daily volume of ethanol intake (oz.)b | β = − 0.11 (0.21) | β = 0.13 (.20) | β = 1.94 (.40) c,d | β = 0.84 (.57) | β = 1.46 (.28) c,d | β = 2.22 (.34) c,d,e |
| Overall freq. drinking b | β = 2.1 (6.4) | β = −3.2 (7.6) | β = 45.2 (8.6) c,d | β = 51.9 (24.5) c,d | β = 25.8 (7.3) c,d | β = 56.0 (11.7) c,d |
| Freq. drinking 5+ drinks b | β = 0.8 (7.7) | β= 4.2 (7.5) | β = 57.1 (9.7) c,d | β = 42.3 (24.8) | β = 34.2 (7.5) c,d | β = 66.9 (13.0) c,d |
| Largest quantity of drinks consumed in a single day b | β =−1.7 (0.4) c | β= −0.3 (0.4) | β = 2.4 (0.8) c,d | β = 0.7 (0.9) | β = 1.7 (0.6) c,d | β = 3.3 (0.7) c,d |
| Mean age at onset of dependence | β =−0.1 (0.4) | β= −0.4 (0.5) | β = −2.2 (0.5) c,d | β = −3.1 (1.1) c,d | β = −1.0 (0.5) c | β = −2.6 (0.6) c,d |
| Mean years from initiation of drinking to onset of dependence | β =−0.4 (0.4) | β= −0.5 (0.5) | β = −0.4 (0.5) | β = −1.0 (1.2) | β = 0.2 (0.4) | β = −1.4 (0.5) c |
| Density of familial alcoholism | β =0.03 (0.02) | β= 0.08 (.03) c | β = 0.16 (.03) c,d | β = 0.26 (.07) c,d | β = 0.20 (.03) c,d | β = 0.24 (.04) c,d |
| # lifetime AUD symptoms | β =1.2 (0.4) c | β= 0.2 (0.3) | β = 4.1 (0.6) c,d | β = 5.7 (1.5) c,d | β = 4.8 (0.4) c,d | β = 5.7 (0.6) c,d |
| % initiating drinking <15 | OR=1.0 (0.7–1.3) | OR=0.9 (0.6–1.4) | OR=3.5 (2.3–5.3) c,d | OR=3.2 (1.5–6.5) c,d | OR=2.9 (2.1–4.0) c,d | OR=3.1 (2.0–4.9) c,d |
| % with multiple episodes of dependence | OR=1.2 (0.9–1.5) | OR=1.2 (0.8–1.6) | OR=1.5 (1.0–2.4) | OR=2.6 (1.4–5.0) c,d | OR=1.9 (1.4–2.5) c | OR=1.8 (1.2–2.8) c |
| % in full remission from dependence at Wave 1 | OR=1.1 (0.9–1.4) | OR=1.2 (0.8–1.6) | OR=1.6 (1.1–2.3) c | OR=1.4 (0.7–2.9) | OR=1.2 (0.9–1.6) | OR=1.2 (0.7–1.7) |
| % ever treated/participated in 12-step program | OR=0.9 (0.7–1.2) | OR=1.2 (0.8–1.8) | OR=2.1 (1.4–3.1) c,d | OR=5.5 (2.8–10.8) c,d | OR=2.4 (1.8–3.2) c,d | OR=4.2 (2.7–6.7) c,d |
Note: Shaded cells indicate effects that are significantly different (p<.05) for males and females. Figures in parentheses are standard errors of beta coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals for odds ratios (OR).
Adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, whether ever married, whether ever had children, whether ever attended/completed college, lifetime drug abuse, lifetime nicotine dependence, other personality disorders and any other significant (p<.05) gender interactions. Beta coefficients reflect adjusted difference in absolute value of continuous outcomes; ORs reflect excess odds of dichotomous outcomes.
Internalizing = major depressive disorder, bipolar 1 or 2 disorder, dysthymia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific and social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder; externalizing = illicit drug dependence, ASPD
During period of heaviest consumption
Significantly different (p<.005) than value for neither internalizing nor externalizing
Significantly different (p<.005) than value for internalizing only
Significantly different (p<.005) than value for externalizing only