Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Scores of participants in three stages of this study
| Characteristics | Time 1: 2nd trimester (n = 2,178) | Time 2: 3rd trimester (n = 1,569) | Time 3: 6 weeks after delivery (n = 610) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Age | ≦25 | 309 (14.2) | 211 (13.4) | 67 (11.0) |
| >26 | 1,869 (85.8) | 1,358 (86.6) | 543 (89.0) | |
| Educational level | ≦Primary | 121 (5.6) | 79 (5.0) | 32 (5.2) |
| >Primary | 2,057 (94.4) | 1,490 (95.0) | 578 (94.8) | |
| Duration in Hong Kong | ≥1 year | 1,982 (91.0) | 1,433 (91.3) | 548 (89.8) |
| <1 year | 196 (9.0) | 136 (8.7) | 62 (10.2) | |
| Marital status | Single/separated /divorced | 173 (7.9) | 111 (7.1) | 38 (6.2) |
| Married/cohabited | 2,005 (92.1) | 1,458 (92.9) | 572 (93.8) | |
| Length of marriage | <1 year | 490 (22.5) | 358 (22.8) | 138 (22.6) |
| ≥1 year | 1,688 (77.5) | 1,211 (77.2) | 472 (77.4) | |
| Employment of participant | Part-time or unemployed | 966 (44.4) | 683 (43.5) | 262 (43.0) |
| Full time | 1,212 (55.6) | 886 (56.5) | 348 (57.0) | |
| Total monthly family incomea | <Hong Kong $5,000 (∼US$641) | 178 (8.2) | 118 (7.5) | 46 (7.5) |
| ≥Hong Kong $5,000 (∼US$641) | 2,000 (91.8) | 1,451 (92.5) | 564 (92.5) | |
| Types of residence | Public housing | 529 (24.3) | 391 (24.9) | 171 (28.0) |
| Private housing | 1,649 (75.7) | 1,178 (75.1) | 439 (72.0) | |
| Size of residenceb | ≧300 ft2 | 1,868 (85.8) | 1,346 (85.8) | 505 (82.8) |
| <300 ft2 | 310 (14.2) | 223 (14.2) | 105 (17.2) | |
| Live with parent-in-law | Yes | 155 (7.1) | 115 (7.3) | 47 (7.7) |
| No | 2,032 (92.9) | 1,454 (92.7) | 563 (92.3) | |
| Live with parent | Yes | 464 (21.3) | 334 (21.3) | 148 (24.3) |
| No | 1,714 (78.7) | 1,235 (78.7) | 462 (75.7) | |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Scores | ||||
| EPDS > 9 | 795 (36.5) | 502 (32.0) | 193 (31.6) | |
| EPDS > 14 | 216 (9.9) | 123 (7.8) | 53 (8.7) | |
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| EPDS score | Wilks’ Lambdac | 8.29 ± 4.69 | 7.49 ± 4.66 | 7.23 ± 5.14 |
| F | 18.66 | |||
| Sig. | <0.001 | |||
EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, SD Standard Deviation
aTotal monthly family income: Hong Kong $5,000 is considered as a cut-off because this monthly income is below the half of the median monthly domestic household income in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department 2007)
bSize of residence: 300 ft2 is considered as a cut-off because this size of residence is below the average living space per household in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department 2007; Hong Kong Housing Authority 2007)
cWilks’ Lambda is a test (repeated measures of analysis of variances) for the differences of EPDS scores in three stages