Table 1.
Infectious disease loci
| Infectious disease | Known genes associated with disease susceptibility in Africans | Effect of genetic loci on infection or disease progression | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIV/AIDS | Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) | CCR-2 64I allele associated with ↓ disease progression | (146, 235) |
| Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Locus | HLA A2/6802 supertype and HLA DRB1*01 associated with ↓ HIV infection in female sex workers from East Africa | (121) | |
| Killer immunoglobin- like receptors (KIR) | KIR3DS1 in combination with HLA-B Bw4--80Ile associated with ↓ disease progression in AfricanAmericans and West African sex workers | (95, 126) | |
| Interferon regulatory factor (IRF-1) | Three polymorphisms (located at 619, microsatellite region, and 6516 of genes) associated with ↓ susceptibility to infection in East African sex workers | (15) | |
| TRIM5α | 136Q and 43Y alleles protect against HIV infection in African Americans | (108) | |
| APOBEC3G | 186R allele associated with ↑ disease progression in African Americans | (8) | |
| CUL5 | Haplotype10 associated with ↑ disease progression of HIV-1 in African Americans | (9) | |
| Tuberculosis | Human homolog of natural-resistance--- associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) | Several polymorphisms (5’ microsatellite repeat, INT4,, and a deletion in 3’ UTR) associated with ↑ risk for tuberculosis in East and West Africans | ( 19, 20a, 188) |
| UBE3A | 7-bp deletion at 5’ end of UBE3A gene associated with ↑ susceptibility in West African families | (27) | |
| Chromosome 15 and X chromosome | Unknown loci on these chromosomes associated with ↑ tuberculosis susceptibility | (20) | |
| Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus | DRB1*1302 allele and DQB1*0301— 0304 alleles associated with ↑ tuberculosis susceptibility in Venda population from South Africa | (115) | |
| Vitamin D receptor (VDR) locus | F-b-A-T haplotype associated with ↓ susceptibility in a South African population | (115) | |
| Vitamin D receptor VDR) locus | Polymorphism at codon 352 of VDR gene associated with ↓susceptibility in Gambian population | (20) | |
| Vitamin D receptor (VDR) locus | Polymorphisms (FokI and ApaI) associated with ↑ susceptibility in West African families. | (149) | |
| CD209 | Promoter −336G allele associated with ↓ susceptibility in West Africa and Malawi | (215) | |
| Promoter −336A and −871G alleles associated with ↓ susceptibility in admixed colored population from South Africa | (18) | ||
| Intron 6 variant associated with ↑ susceptibility in West African population | (149) | ||
| Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) | G-A-G haplotype associated with ↓ susceptibility in West Africa | (149) | |
| Malaria | β-globin gene | HbS, HbC, and HbE alleles associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in East and West Africans | (13a, 216a) |
| α-globin gene | α+-thalassemias associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in East Africans | (58a) | |
| β-globin/α-globin genes | HbS and α+-thalassemia variants inherited together associated with ↑ susceptibility in East Africans | ( 232) | |
| Duffy gene | FY*O allele associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in Africans | (83, 86) | |
| Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) | G6PD A- allele associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in West Africans | (67) | |
| Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus | HLA-B53 and HLA-DR.B1_1302 alleles associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in West Africans | (67) | |
| Chromosome 10 | Chromosome 10p15.3--10p14 associated with ↑ malaria susceptibility in Africans | (199) | |
| Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | IL-4 −590 T allele associated with ↓ malaria susceptibility in the Fulani of Mali and Burkino Faso | (213) |