Table 3.
Exercise blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes, multivariable models
| Blood Pressure Parameter | Cardiovascular disease events | Coronary heart disease events | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Models using continuous blood pressure variables (per SD increment in BP) | ||||
| Exercise Systolic BP | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Age and sex-adjusted | 1.39 (1.22–1.58) | <0.0001 | 1.40 (1.21–1.63) | <0.0001 |
| + Rest Systolic BP and Diastolic BP | 1.20 (1.02–1.42) | 0.03 | 1.26 (1.04–1.52) | 0.02 |
| + Multivariable | 1.13 (0.95–1.33) | 0.17 | 1.15 (0.95–1.40) | 0.15 |
| + Exercise Tolerance Test Variables | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | 0.15 | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 0.13 |
| Exercise Diastolic BP | ||||
| Age and sex-adjusted | 1.47 (1.28–1.68) | <0.0001 | 1.47 (1.26–1.73) | <0.0001 |
| + Rest Systolic BP and Diastolic BP | 1.35 (1.15–1.58) | 0.0002 | 1.39 (1.16–1.67) | 0.0005 |
| + Multivariable | 1.31 (1.12–1.54) | 0.0009 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61) | 0.0002 |
| + Exercise Tolerance Test Variables | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) | 0.002 | 1.34 (1.10–1.63) | 0.003 |
| Models using categorical blood pressure variables (>80th percentile) | ||||
| Exercise Systolic BP | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Age and sex-adjusted | 1.55 (1.18–2.04) | 0.002 | 1.65 (1.21–2.26) | 0.0017 |
| + Rest Systolic BP and Diastolic BP | 1.11 (0.80–1.53) | 0.54 | 1.24 (0.86–1.79) | 0.25 |
| + Multivariable | 1.03 (0.75–1.43) | 0.84 | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) | 0.55 |
| + Exercise Tolerance Test Variables | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.86 | 1.08 (0.72–1.61) | 0.71 |
| Exercise Diastolic BP | ||||
| Age and sex-adjusted | 1.77 (1.35–2.31) | <0.0001 | 1.70 (1.25–2.32) | 0.0008 |
| + Rest Systolic BP and Diastolic BP | 1.42 (1.05–1.92) | 0.02 | 1.39 (0.98–1.97) | 0.07 |
| + Multivariable | 1.40 (1.04–1.90) | 0.03 | 1.36 (0.96–1.92) | 0.09 |
| + Exercise Tolerance Test Variables | 1.41 (1.01–1.95) | 0.04 | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 0.08 |
The multivariable model adjusts for age, sex, resting systolic BP, resting diastolic BP, BMI, diabetes, current cigarette smoking, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, valvular heart disease, and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. The ETT model adjusted for all of the covariates in the multivariable model and exercise duration, ischemic ST-segment response to exercise (>1mm horizontal or downsloping ST-segment depression versus none), premature ventricular contractions (present versus absent), chronotropic incompetence (present versus absent), and abnormal heart rate recovery measured 3-min post-exercise (present versus absent).