Table 4.
Child Demographics, Dysmorphology Mean Scores and Standard Deviations Between Control, PFAS and FAS Groups.
| Control (n = 32) | PFAS (n = 14) | FAS (n = 10) | F-test | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Age (years) | 12.19 | (3.53) | 11.62 | (3.40) | 12.89 | (2.76) | F (2, 47) = .418 | .661 |
| Child Gender (%) Males Female |
n = 14 n = 18 |
43.8% 56.3% |
n = 8 n = 6 |
57.1% 42.9% |
n = 7 n = 3 |
70% 30% |
F (2, 47) = .682 | .511 |
| Dysmorphology | ||||||||
| Child Height (centile) | 70.91 bc | (24.73) | 31.21 ac | (24.83) | 6.60 ab | (4.35) | F (2, 47) = 33.37 | < .001 |
| Child Weight (centile) | 78.73 bc | (28.87) | 48.71 ac | (26.64) | 18.10 ab | (21.94) | F (2, 47) = 18.58 | < .001 |
| Child Head Circumference (centile) | 81.39 bc | (18.61) | 39.14 a | (38.83) | 14.10 a | (21.54) | F (2, 47) = 25.39 | < .001 |
| Palpebral Fissure Length (centile) | 62.69 bc | (23.69) | 13.00 a | (16.36) | 11.80 a | (9.51) | F (2, 47) = 39.12 | < .001 |
| Lip Philtrum Guide (Philtrum)1 | 3.21 c | (.90) | 3.71 | (.61) | 4.20 a | (.78) | F (2, 47) = 5.52 | .007 |
| Lip Philtrum Guide (Vermilion)1 | 3.04 bc | (.76) | 4.21 a | (.42) | 4.30 a | (.67) | F (2, 47) = 19.42 | < .001 |
| Total Child Dysmorphology Score 2 | 4.20 bc | (2.56) | 11.14 ac | (3.13) | 15.40 ab | (1.89) | F (2, 47) = 71.20 | < .001 |
indicate significant post hoc pairwise comparision between groups adjusted using Scheffe (a = control, b = PFAS, c = FAS groups).
The lip-philtrum guide. Developed by researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle, this tool pictorially displays 5 levels of philtral flatness, (1 being normal, 5 being totally flat), and 5 levels of upper lip thinness, (1 being normal, 5 being very thin). This tool helps clinicians recognize the thin upper lip and flat philtrum in children with FAS. It can be ordered through: http://depts.washington.edu/fasdpn/pdfs/guideorder.pdf
Total Dysmorphology score is a composite score derived from a weighted scoring system with the most salient FAS diagnostic features (e.g., head circumference, palpebral fissure length and smoothness of philtrum) scored a three, followed by other features (e.g., weight, and specific facial features) scored with a two, and other physical features related to FASD scored with a one.