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. 2010 Oct;27(10):1837–1852. doi: 10.1089/neu.2010.1374

Table 3.

Divergent Biochemical Responses among Injury Groups Across Key Cellular Processes

Cell process 30-min MCAO 2-h MCAO TBI (CCI)
Energy metabolism
 Comparison:
 30-min > 2-h MCAO
 2-h MCAO ≠ TBI 		↑Transketolase
 (pentose phosphate to
 GAPDH)
– Phosphoglycerate kinase (+ATP)
↑ Neuron-specific enolase
↑ Pyruvate kinase (+ATP)
 (ATP production)		 ↑Transketolase
 (pentose phosphate to
 GAPDH)
↓Phosphoglycerate kinase
 (+ATP)
↑ Neuron-specific enolase
↓ Pyruvate kinase (+ATP)
 (degraded ATP production)		 N/A
↓Phosphoglycerate kinase
 (+ATP)
↓ Neuron-specific enolase
↓ Pyruvate kinase (+ATP)
 (degraded ATP
 production)
  ↓Pyruvate dehydrogenase
↓ Malate dehydrogenase
 (lost aerobic respiration)		 ↓Pyruvate dehydrogenase
↓ Malate dehydrogenase
 (lost aerobic respiration)		 ↑Malate
 dehydrogenase
 (malate shuttle
 active;
 aerobic respiration possible)
Synaptic function
 Comparison:
 30-min ≠ 2-h MCAO
 2-h MCAO = TBI		 ↓Vesicle ATPase
 (less ATP and less neurotransmitter)		 ↓Neurotransmitter update
↓ Vesicle trafficking
↓ Vesicle docking/exocytosis
↓ Vesicle endocytosis
↓ Vesicle recycling
 (lost synaptic vesicle cycle)		 ↓Neurotransmitter update
↓ Vesicle trafficking
↓ Vesicle docking/exocytosis
↓ Vesicle endocytosis
↓ Vesicle recycling
 (lost synaptic vesicle cycle)
  ↓Transgelin 3
 (signaling dysfunction)		 ↓Map-tau, and spectrins
↓ Tubulins, actin, map 1 and 2
↓ Transgelin 3
 (degraded cytoarchitecture)		 ↓Map-tau, and spectrins
↓ Tubulins, actin, map 1 and 2
↓ Transgelin 3
 (degraded cytoarchitecture)
  ↑Neurogranin
 (synaptic plasticity)		 N/A N/A
Chaperone activity
 Comparison:
 30-min > 2-h MCAO
 2-h MCAO > TBI		 ↑HSP70, ↓p-STIP1, ↑HSP90
 (upregulated HSP70 and HSP90 activity)		 ↑HSP70, – p-STIP1, – HSP90
 (less HSP70 and HSP90 activity)		 ↓HSP70
 (lost HSP70 activity)
  N/A ↓SGTA, ↑HSP10
 (efficient use of HSP60 complex)		 N/A
Cell survival factors
 Comparison:
 30-min < 2-h MCAO
 2-h MCAO ≠ TBI		 ↑PRDX (antioxidant)
 (to reduce TNF-induced apoptosis)		 ↑PRDX (antioxidant)
↑ Fetuin-B (calpain/caspase inhibitor)
 (to reduce apoptosis)		 ↑Fetuin-B (protease inhibitor)
 (to reduce apoptosis-associated calpain and caspase activity)
  ↓Calcineurin
 (to reduce apoptosis)		 ↓Calcineurin
↓ Free 14-3-3's
 (to reduce apoptosis)		 ↑Free 14-3-3's
 (uninhibited apoptosis)

GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; TBI, traumatic brain injury; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; p-STIP1, phosphorylated stress-induced phosphoprotein 1; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; SGTA, small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide-repeat containing protein A; HSP10, heat shock protein 10; PRDX, peroxiredoxin 2.