Table 2.

Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample by Cognitive Status Among Nonfrail Participants at Baseline (1995–1996; N = 942)

	MMSE < 21, N = 159	MMSE = ≥ 21, N = 783
Predictor Variables	n (%)	n (%)	p Value
MMSE (units), mean ± SD	18.6 ± 2.4	26.1 ± 3.2	<.0001
Age (years), mean ± SD	74.9 ± 6.3	73.5 ± 5.1	<.0001
Gender (female)	80 (50.3)	464 (59.3)	.0374
Marital status (married)	80 (50.3)	440 (56.2)	.1741
Education (years), mean ± SD	2.9 ± 3.0	5.7 ± 4.1	<.0001
Diabetes	34 (21.4)	202 (25.8)	.2415
Heart attack	10 (6.3)	51 (6.5)	.9166
Stroke	11 (6.9)	37 (4.7)	.2516
Hypertension	70 (44.0)	349 (44.6)	.8993
Arthritis	53 (33.3)	325 (41.5)	.0552
Hip fracture	2 (1.3)	3 (0.4)	.2000
Cancer	8 (5.0)	39 (4.9)	.9787

Note: MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.