Fig. 4.

Snapshots of transmembrane voltages along the neuron. Shifted lines correspond to 100 μs intervals. At the end of the 100 μs pulse (red lines) transmembrane voltages are smoothed pictures of the activating functions (middle traces) with inverted polarity for anodic pulses (lower traces). In spite of rather large membrane voltages during dendritic stimulation (red line in G), indirect activation is initiated in the AIS. Dashed black lines mark soma position, dashed red lines the electrode positions. AIS region is shown in gray. z_electrode=50 μm in all cases.