Table 3.

Secondary Analyses: Linear Mixed Regression Models for CASI Scores^a

	Model 3: standard CASI scores	Model 4: include Kibei participants	Model 5: include head circumference
	2,520 participants	2,763 participants	2,207 participants
Covariate	Coefficient Est. (95% CI)	Coefficient Est. (95% CI)	Coefficient Est. (95% CI)
Language use
Spoke but did not read Japanese	0 (reference)	0 (reference)	0 (reference)
Neither spoke nor read Japanese	0.78 (−0.79 to 2.36)	2.04 (−0.86 to 4.92)	2.34 (−0.67 to 5.35)
Both spoke and read Japanese	0.06 (−1.48 to 1.61)	−0.80 (−3.43 to 1.83)	−0.73 (−3.51 to 2.06)
Age	−6.23 (−9.63 to −2.83)	−13.21 (−18.22 to −8.20)	−11.35 (−16.68 to −6.02)
Age × Language use
Spoke but did not read Japanese	0 (reference)	0 (reference)	0 (reference)
Neither spoke nor read Japanese	−0.06 (−3.98 to 3.86)	−1.67 (−7.89 to 4.55)	−1.85 (−8.20 to 4.51)
Both spoke and read Japanese	−0.85 (−4.44 to 2.73)	0.10 (−5.10 to 5.30)	−0.53 (−5.92 to 4.87)
Age2	−3.11 (−4.25 to −1.96)	−1.72 (−3.34 to −0.10)	−1.8 (−3.45 to −0.14)
Age2 × Language use
Spoke but did not read Japanese	0 (reference)	0 (reference)	0 (reference)
Neither spoke nor read Japanese	0.19 (−2.07 to 2.46)	1.14 (−2.10 to 4.38)	1.24 (−2.03 to 4.52)
Both spoke and read Japanese	0.67 (−1.28 to 2.63)	0.44 (−2.08 to 2.96)	0.98 (−1.61 to 3.57)

Note: CASI = Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; CI = confidence interval; Est. = estimate.

^aThe group that spoke but did not read Japanese served as the reference group for each model. CASI scores were item response theory based for Models 4 and 5. Age effects are for 10 years, centered at age 70. See explanatory note to Table 2.