TABLE 1.
Subject characteristics by quintile (Q) categories of whole-grain intake1
| Whole-grain intake categories |
||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend2 | |
| n | 575 | 559 | 567 | 566 | 567 | |
| Whole-grain intake (servings/d)3 | 0.14 (0.00–0.30) | 0.50 (0.31–0.71) | 0.98 (0.72–1.21) | 1.48 (1.22–2.03) | 2.93 (2.04–12.7) | — |
| Age (y)4 | 51.0 (50.2, 51.9) | 49.9 (49.1, 50.7) | 50.4 (49.6, 51.2) | 50.0 (49.2, 50.8) | 51.9 (51.9, 52.8) | 0.04 |
| Women (%)5 | 46 (42, 50) | 50 (46, 54) | 51 (47, 56) | 51 (47, 55) | 49 (45, 53) | 0.56 |
| BMI (kg/m2)67 | 27.4 (27.0, 27.8) | 27.5 (27.2, 27.9) | 27.5 (27.1, 27.9) | 26.5 (26.1, 26.8) | 26.3 (25.9, 26.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm)6 | 96.9 (95.8, 97.9) | 97.6 (96.5, 98.7) | 97.4 (96.4, 98.5) | 94.6 (93.5, 95.6) | 94.3 (93.2, 95.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%)6 | 17 (14, 20) | 16 (14, 19) | 11 (9, 14) | 9 (6, 12) | 8 (6, 11) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kJ)6 | 7278 (7074, 7481) | 7641 (7439, 7844) | 8166 (7963, 8368) | 8674 (8471, 8877) | 9636 (9434, 9839) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d)78 | 5.2 (4.6, 5.9) | 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) | 4.3 (3.8, 4.9) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.6) | 3.9 (3.4, 4.4) | <0.001 |
| Refined-grain intake (servings/d)8 | 2.9 (2.7, 3.0) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) | 2.6 (2.5, 2.7) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d)78 | 4.0 (3.9, 4.2) | 4.7 (4.5, 4.8) | 4.8 (4.6, 5.0) | 5.3 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.7 (5.5, 5.9) | <0.001 |
| Dairy intake (servings/d)78 | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 0.03 |
| Total fat (% of energy)8 | 33.7 (33.2, 34.3) | 32.8 (32.2, 33.3) | 32.1 (31.6, 32.6) | 30.6 (30.1, 31.1) | 28.6 (28.1, 29.2) | <0.001 |
1
Values are means; 95% CIs in parentheses (unless otherwise noted).
2
The median value in each quintile category was used as a continuous variable in a linear regression as a test for trend.
3
Values are medians; ranges in parentheses.
4
Adjusted for sex only.
5
Adjusted for age only.
6
Adjusted for age and sex.
7
Values are geometric means.
8
Adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake.