TABLE 2.
Subject characteristics by quintile (Q) categories of refined-grain intake1
| Refined-grain intake categories |
||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend2 | |
| n | 566 | 568 | 567 | 564 | 569 | — |
| Refined-grain intake (servings/d)3 | 0.79 (0.00–1.13) | 1.42 (1.14–1.69) | 1.99 (1.70–2.29) | 2.62 (2.30–3.15) | 4.06 (3.16–11.50) | |
| Age (y)4 | 51.3 (50.5, 52.1) | 51.5 (50.7, 52.3) | 50.5 (49.7, 51.3) | 49.9 (49.1, 50.7) | 50.1 (49.2, 50.9) | 0.02 |
| Women (%)5 | 58 (54, 62) | 52 (48, 56) | 46 (42, 50) | 47 (43, 51) | 44 (40, 48) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)67 | 27.0 (26.6, 27.3) | 26.9 (26.5, 27.3) | 26.6 (26.3, 27.0) | 27.1 (26.7, 27.4) | 27.6 (27.2, 28.0) | 0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm)6 | 96.0 (94.9, 97.0) | 95.9 (94.8, 96.9) | 95.2 (94.2, 96.3) | 96.4 (95.3, 97.5) | 97.2 (96.2, 98.3) | 0.10 |
| Current smoker (%)6 | 15 (12, 18) | 12 (10, 15) | 12 (9, 14) | 13 (10, 15) | 10 (7, 13) | 0.03 |
| Energy intake (kJ)6 | 6679 (6490, 6868) | 7403 (7215, 7591) | 8168 (7979, 8356) | 8856 (8668, 9044) | 10,295 (10,107, 10,483) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d)78 | 5.3 (4.7, 6.0) | 4.5 (4.0, 5.1) | 5.3 (4.7, 6.0) | 4.9 (4.3, 5.5) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.2) | <0.001 |
| Whole-grain intake (servings/d)8 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d)78 | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4) | 5.0 (4.9, 5.2) | 5.0 (4.8, 5.2) | 4.8 (4.7, 5.0) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) | <0.001 |
| Dairy intake (servings/d)78 | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Total fat (% of energy)8 | 33.4 (32.9, 34.0) | 31.8 (31.2, 32.3) | 31.6 (31.1, 32.1) | 30.9 (30.4, 31.4) | 30.2 (29.6, 30.7) | <0.001 |
1
Values are means; 95% CIs in parentheses (unless otherwise noted).
2
The median value in each quintile category was used as a continuous variable in a linear regression as a test for trend.
3
Values are medians; ranges in parentheses.
4
Adjusted for sex only.
5
Adjusted for age only.
6
Adjusted for age and sex.
7
Values are geometric means.
8
Adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake.