. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 14.

Published in final edited form as: Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):71–78. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3347

Table 2.

Cumulative morbidity risks and hazard ratios for association between stimulant treatment and subsequent psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD males

Outcome	Age of Onset	Events prior to ADHD onset¹	Subjects used in model	MR (95%CI)		Hazard Ratio	Test statistic, p value
Outcome	mean±sd, range	Events prior to ADHD onset¹	Subjects used in model	No Stimulant Therapy	Stimulant Therapy	Hazard Ratio	Test statistic, p value
Major Depression	8.0±3.9, 2–16	20	107	0.69 (0.55, 0.82)	0.24 (0.15, 0.37)	0.22	χ² ₍₁₎ =19.7, p<0.001
Conduct Disorder	10.8±4.0, 3–18	13	112	0.67 (0.53, 0.81)	0.22 (0.14, 0.34)	0.21	χ² ₍₁₎ =21.4, p<0.001
MA Disorder	8.5±6.0, 2–23	18	108	0.60 (0.47, 0.75)	0.07 (0.03, 0.19)	0.15	χ² ₍₁₎ =17.8, p<0.001
ODD	7.4±3.5, 2–18	46	79	0.88 (0.78, 0.95)	0.40 (0.25, 0.58)	0.21	χ² ₍₁₎ =19.9, p<0.001
Bipolar Disorder	11.4±5.2, 3–18	9	116	0.42 (0.27, 0.61)	0.20 (0.12, 0.32)	0.47	χ² ₍₁₎ =3.5, p=0.063
Repeated Grade	8.4±4.0, 4–18	2	122	0.63 (0.51, 0.75)	0.26 (0.16, 0.40)	0.25	χ² ₍₁₎ =18.4, p<0.001

subjects excluded from given model

MR = Cumulative morbidity risk of disorder by age 21 as estimated by Kaplan-Meier failure function

MA = Multiple (≥2) Anxiety

ODD = Oppositional defiant disorder