Table 3.
Risk from Different Types of Alcohol on Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Cancers
| Ref No. |
Reference, study location and period |
Organ site (ICD code) |
Characteristics of study population |
Exposure assessment |
Exposure categories | Relative risk |
95% CI | Adjustme nt factors in study design or analysis |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | Blot, et al. (1988) USA, 1984–85 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (ICD9 141, 143–146, 148, 149), excluding salivary gland and nasopharynx | 1,114 (762 men, 352 women) cases identified from the population-based registries covering metropolitan Atlanta (Georgia), Los Angeles and Santa Clara and San Mateo counties (California), New Jersey; aged 18–79; pathologically confirmed; 75% response rate. 1,268 population controls from random-digit-dialing, aged 18–64, frequency matched on age, sex, race (black, white), 79% (under 65 yrs) and 76% (65+ yrs) response rate. |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire |
Hard liquor < 1 drink/wk 1–4 5–14 15–29 30+ Beer < 1 drink/wk 1–4 5–14 15–29 30+ Wine < 1 drink/wk 1–4 5–14 15–29 30+ |
Men/Women 1/1 1.0/1.3 1.3/1.5 2.6/4.9 5.5/7.8 1/1 1.2/2.2 1.7/2.9 3.4/2.3 4.7/18.0 1/1 0.7/0.6 0.7/0.8 0.9/0.5 2.5/1.6 |
Men/Women 0.7–1.3 / 0.9–2.1 0.9–1.8 / 0.9–2.5 1.7–3.9 / 1.6–14.3 3.4–9.1 / 2.1–29.2 0.8–1.7 / 1.4–3.6 1.2–2.4 / 1.5–5.6 2.7–5.1 / 0.9–6.5 3.0–7.3 / 2.1–159.0 0.5–1.0 / 0.4–1.0 0.4–1.0 / 0.4–1.4 0.5–1.8 / 0.1–2.3 0.9–6.5 / 0.2–13.6 |
Age, race, study location, respondent status (self vs. proxy), smoking, other two types of alcoholic beverages; | |
| 40 | Merletti, et al. (1989) Torino, Italy, 1982–84 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx (ICD9 140.3–140.5, 141, 143–146) |
122 (86 men, 36 women) cases; histologically confirmed; 85% response rate. 606 (385 men, 221 women) population-based controls randomly selected from files of residents, stratified by age and sex; 55% response rate. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Type of alcohol Wine only Beer Aperitifs Liquo |
Men/Women 1/1 2.1/6.1 1.4/0.4 0.7/0.8 |
Men/Women 1.1–4.0 / 1.4–26.5 0.7–2.6 / 0.1–1.7 0.4–1.4 / 0.3–2.3 |
Age, education, area of birth, smoking habits, alcohol consumption | |
| 29 | Barra, et al. (1990) Milan & Pordenone, Italy 1986–90 |
Oral cavity and pharynx | 305 (all men), median age=58 yrs, histologically confirmed; 2% refusal rate 1621 (all men) hospital-based controls, median age=57 yrs, matched by area of residence and age; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions; 3% refusal rate. |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire |
Wine only ≤20 glass wine/wk 21–55 drinks/wk 56–83 ≥84 Wine and beer ≤20 glass wine/wk 21–55 drinks/wk 56–83 ≥84 Wine and spirits ≤20 glass wine/wk 21–55 drinks/wk 56–83 ≥84 |
1 1.9 7.3 11.2 1 0.7 3.9 7.4 1 1.1 3.5 9.9 |
1.0–3.4 3.8–14.1 3.8–33.1 0.2–2.5 1.6–9.6 3.2–17.3 0.5–2.4 1.7–6.9 4.3–22.7 |
Age, area of residence, occupation, smoking and drinking habits | |
| 17 | Franceschi, et al. (1990) Milan & Pordenone, Italy, 1986–89 |
Oral cavity (ICD9 140, 141, 143–145) Pharynx, hypopharynx/ larynx junction included (ICD9 146, 148, 161.1) |
157 male controls, below age 75 yrs; histologically confirmed; response rate 98% overall for cases. 1272 hospital-based non-cancer male controls from same hospitals as cases matched on age and area of residence; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions; response rate 97%. 134 male cases, below age 75 yrs; histologically confirmed; response rate 98% overall for cases. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Wine 0–20 glasses/week 21–34 35–55 56–83 84+ χ2 for trend Beer 0 glasses/week 1–13 14+ χ2 for trend Hard liquor 0 glasses/week 1–6 7+ χ2 for trend Wine 0–20 glasses/week 21–34 35–55 56–83 84+ χ2 for trend Beer 0 glasses/week 1–13 14+ χ2 for trend Hard liquor 0 glasses/week 1–6 7+ χ2 for trend |
1 1.1 1.9 4.9 8.5 47.68 1 1.0 0.8 0.30 1 0.7 0.9 0.66 1 0.7 1.9 3.1 10.9 46.44 1 0.5 0.9 0.47 1 0.4 1.2 0.24 |
0.5–2.3 0.9–3.7 2.6–9.5 3.6–20.2 p<0.01 0.6–1.8 0.5–1.4 NS 0.4–1.3 0.6–1.3 NS 0.3–1.6 0.9–3.7 1.6–6.1 4.7–25.3 p<0.01 0.3–1.0 0.5–1.5 NS 0.2–0.9 0.8–1.8 NS |
Age, area of residence, education, occupation, smoking habits | |
| 20 | Zheng, et al. (1990) Beijing, China (PRC), 1988–89 |
Oral cavity (ICD9 141, 143–145) | 404 (248 men, 156 women) cases diagnosed at seven participating hospitals in the Beijing area; histologically confirmed; 100% response rate. 404 randomly selected non-cancer hospital-based controls, individually matched on age, sex, hospital; 100% response rate. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Type of alcohol Never drinker Spirits only Beer/wine only Mixed |
1 1.46 1.00 1.13 |
0.93–2.28 0.33–3.08 0.45–2.80 |
Age, sex, education, smoking | |
| 28 | Barra, et al. (1991) Pordenone, Italy, 1985–90 |
Oral cavity and pharynx | 272 (236 men, 36 women) cases, median age=60 yrs, histologically confirmed; 3% refusal rate. 1,884 (1122 men, 762 women) non-cancer, hospital-based controls, median age=58 yrs, matched by area of residence and age; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions; 3% refusal rate for each group. |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire |
Wine ≤20 drinks/wk 21–34 35–55 56–83 ≥84 χ2 for trend Beer 0 drinks/wk 1–13 ≥14 χ2 for trend Spirits 0 drinks/wk 1–13 ≥14 χ2 for trend |
1 1.7 3.3 6.8 15.6 107.9 1 0.7 1.4 1.5 1 0.8 1.6 1.1 |
1.0–3.1 1.8–5.9 3.9–12.1 8.2–29.7 p<0.01 0.4–1.0 1.0–1.9 NS 0.6–1.1 1.1–2.3 NS |
Age, sex, education, occupation, tobacco | |
| 39 | Mashberg, et al. (1993) New Jersey, USA, 1972–83 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx | 359 white and black male veterans with invasive cancer and in situ carcinoma identified in the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; median age: 57 yrs; histologically confirmed 2,280 white or black male patients from the same center as cases of the same age range as cases (37–80 yrs); median age:58 yrs; excluding patients with cancer or dysplasia of the pharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Type of alcohol Minimal drinking Mixed consumption Whiskey only Whiskey predominantly Beer only Beer predominantly |
1 8.3 3.8 5.3 2.6 8.3 |
4.7–14.8 1.8–8.1 1.1–26.3 1.3–5.2 3.4–20.2 |
Age, race, tobacco smoking, average total alcohol consumption | |
| 53 | Ng, et al. (1993) USA, 1977–91 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (ICD9 141, 143–146, 148, 149) | 173 (73 men, 100 women) white non-smoking cases in 8 US cities; histologically confirmed 613 (254 men, 359 women) hospital-based controls matched (up to 4:1 control:case) on age, sex, date of interview; excluded patients with tobacco related conditions |
Men Beer Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1–2.9 3+ χ2 for trend Wine Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1–2.9 3+ χ2 for trend Liquor Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1–2.9 3+ χ2 for trend Women Beer Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1+ χ2 for trend Wine Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1+ χ2 for trend Liquor Non-drinker <1 OWE1/day 1+ χ2 for trend |
1 1.9 2.6 5.1 13.6 1 0.9 1.5 1.6 0.01 1 1.1 2.0 0.4 0.25 1 0.68 0.78 0.96 1 0.71 0.98 0.23 1 2.87 1.13 1.93 |
0.9–3.8 1.1–5.9 1.8–14.2 p<0.001 0.5–1.8 0.5–4.9 0.0–29.7 NS 0.6–2.2 0.7–5.3 0.0–7.1 NS 0.10–4.93 0.35–1.75 NS 0.14–3.59 0.54–1.77 NS 0.90–9.18 0.60–2.13 NS |
1OWE: ounces of whiskey equivalent | ||
| 12 | Day, et al. (1994) USA, 1984–85 |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx | 80 (56 men, 24 women) with second primary cancers from cohort of 1, 090 first primary cancers). 189 (132 men, 57 women) randomly selected from cohort that were free of second primary cancer at the end of follow-up (1989). |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire |
Beer < 1 drink/wk 1–14 ≥15 Liquor < 1 drink/wk 1–14 ≥15 Wine < 1 drink/ wk ≥ 1 |
1 2.4 3.8 1 1.2 0.4 1 0.6 |
0.8–7.1 1.2–12.0 0.5–2.9 0.1–1.1 0.2–1.3 |
Age at first cancer diagnosis, stage of first cancer, lifetime smoking, other two types of alcoholic beverages | |
| 35 | Kabat, et al. (1994) USA, 1977–90 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) | 1,560 (1,097 men, 463 women) cases enrolled in 28 hospitals in 8 US cities. 2,948 (2,075 men, 873 women) hospital-based controls matched on age, sex, race, hospital, date of interview. |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire |
(In oz. of whiskey equivalents/day) Beer Non-drinker Occasional 1–2.9 oz/day 4–6.9 7+ Wine Non-drinker Occasional 1–2.9 oz/day 4–6.9 7+ Hard liquor Non-drinker Occasional 1–2.9 oz/day 4–6.9 7+ |
Men/Women 1/1 1.5/1.3 2.5/1.9 4.1/3.6 5.3/-- 1/1 0.8/0.8 1.3/0.8 1.0/2.7 2.7/-- 1/1 1.0/1.1 1.7/1.9 2.6/7.6 3.1/-- |
Men/Women 1.2–1.9 / 1.0–1.9 2.0–3.3 / 1.1–3.1 2.9–5.7 / 1.7–7.5 4.0–7.0 / --- 0.7–1.0 / 0.6–1.1 0.9–1.7 / 0.5–1.4 0.5–2.3 / 1.0–7.7 1.6–4.6 / --- 0.8–1.3 / 0.8–1.5 1.4–2.3 / 1.2–2.9 1.8–3.7 / 3.9–14.8 2.4–4.1 / --- |
Age, education, smoking, race, time period, type of hospital | 1 oz WE =10.2 g of alcohol |
| 4 | Chyou, et al. (1995) Hawaii, USA |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx (ICD8 140–150, 161) | Cohort of 7,995 men of Japanese ancestry, aged 45–68 yrs; recruitment from 1965–68, incidence follow-up until 1993; 1–2% lost to follow-up. | Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Beer Alcohol non-drinker <49 oz/month 49–360 361+ p for trend Wine Alcohol non-drinker ≤4 oz/month >4 p for trend Spirits Alcohol non-drinker ≤4 oz/month >4 p for trend |
1 0.67 1.91 3.66 1 2.54 3.80 1 1.59 3.61 |
0.25–1.82 0.97–3.75 2.01–6.69 <0.0001 1.15–5.60 1.76–8.18 0.0001 0.80–3.15 1.98–6.58 <0.0001 |
Age, number of cigarettes/day, years smoked | |
| 19 | Zheng, et al. (1997) Beijing, China (PRC), 1988–89 |
Tongue | 111 (65 men, 46 women) cases diagnosed at seven participating hospitals in the Beijing area; aged 20–80 yrs; histologically confirmed. 111 randomly selected non-cancer hospital-based controls, individually matched on age, sex, hospital |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Type of alcohol None Spirits only Beer/Wine |
1 1.15 1.17 |
0.28–4.02 0.56–2.42 |
Education, smoking (age and sex matched on) | |
| 5 | Kjaerheim, et al. (1998) Norway |
Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus (ICD7 141, 143–145, 147–148, 150, 161) |
Cohort of 10,960 men born from 1893–1929 who completed 2 questionnaires sent to a probability sample of the Norwegian population; incidence follow-up 1968–1992 | Mailed survey |
Beer Never or <1 time/week Previously 1–3 times/week 4–7 p for trend Spirits Never or <1 time/week Previously 1–3 times/week 4–7 p for trend |
1 1.0 1.4 4.4 1 1.3 1.4 2.7 |
0.5–1.9 0.7–3.1 2.4–8.3 <0.001 0.7–2.3 0.6–3.6 1.1–7.0 0.06 |
Age, smoking | |
| 46 | Schildt, et al. (1998) Sweden, 1980–89 |
Oral cavity (ICD7 140, 141, 143–145) |
354 (237 men, 117 women) cases from 4 most northen counties in Sweden (Norrbotten, Vasterbotten, Jamtland, Vasternorrland) reported to the Cancer Registry (175 living, 235 deceased); histologically confirmed; 96% response rate. 354 (237 men, 117 women) population controls from the National Population Registry individually matched on age, sex, county; 91% response rate. |
Self-completed questionnaire |
Type of alcohol1 Light beer Beer Wine Liquor Amount*frequency score- Wine Low Medium High Liquor Low Medium High |
1.2 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.9 8.6 1.3 1.6 3.6 |
0.7–1.7 0.7–3.2 0.6–1.5 0.9–2.3 0.9–1.8 0.5–1.8 1.0–70.0 0.9–2.0 1.0–2.7 1.8–7.2 |
1Snuff and smoking in addition to types of alcohol listed | |
| 33 | Garrote, et al. (2001) Havana, Cuba, 1996–99 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx | 200 (143 men, 57 women) cases identified in the Instituto Nacional de Oncologia y Radiobiologia (INOR) of Havana; median age 64 yrs; 88% response rate. 200 (136 men, 64 women) hospital-based controls admitted to INOR and 3 other major hospitals in Havana; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions; frequency matched on age and sex; median age 62 yrs; 79% response rate. |
Interviewer (dentist)-administered questionnaire |
Hard liquor 0 drinks/week 1–7 8–20 21–69 ≥70 χ2 for trend Beer 0 drinks/week <7 ≥7 χ2 for trend Wine 0 drinks/week <2 ≥2 χ2 for trend |
1 1.3 1.0 4.2 5.1 4.58 1 1.5 1.5 0.85 1 1.0 0.8 0.15 |
0.5–3.3 0.4–2.4 1.1–16.5 1.1–23.3 p<0.05 0.6–3.9 0.5–4.6 p=0.36 0.4–2.4 0.2–3.2 p=0.70 |
Age, sex, area of residence, education, smoking, other two types of alcohol | |
| 47 | Schlecht, et al. (2001) Brazil, 1986–89 |
Oral cavity excluding salivary gland (ICD9 140–141, 143–145) Pharynx excluding nasopharynx (ICD9 146, 148–149) |
373 cases selected from hospitals in Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Goiania; histopathologically confirmed. 1578 hospital-based non-cancer controls matched (2:1 controls:case) on age, sex, hospital area, admission period. 217 cases selected from hospitals in Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Goiania; histopathologically confirmed. 1578 hospital-based non-cancer controls matched (2:1 controls:case) on age, sex, hospital area, admission period. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Beer Non-drinker 1–10 kg 11–100 >100 Other than beer Wine Non-drinker 1–10 kg 11–100 >100 Other than wine Hard liquor Non-drinker 1–10 kg 11–100 >100 Other than hard liquor Cachaca Non-drinker 1–10 g 11–100 101–500 501–1000 1001–2000 >2000 Other than cachaca Beer Non-drinker 1–10 g 11–100 >100 Other than beer Wine Non-drinker 1–10 g 11–100 >100 Other than wine Hard liquor Non-drinker 1–10 g 11–100 >100 Other than hard liquor Cachaca Non-drinker 1–10 g 11–100 101–500 501–1000 1001–2000 >2000 Other than cachaca |
1 3.6 2.8 3.7 3.1 1 3.4 4.3 3.0 2.9 1 3.3 3.1 6.9 3.2 1 1.4 2.0 4.5 7.2 8.7 9.9 3.7 1 3.2 3.4 1.1 3.1 1 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.6 1 4.1 4.6 2.5 3.1 1 2.8 2.9 5.4 9.2 14.3 12.5 2.1 |
1.9–7.0 1.4–5.6 1.4–10.3 1.6–5.8 1.8–6.5 1.9–10.1 1.2–7.3 1.6–5.5 1.3–8.2 1.5–6.6 2.8–17.1 1.7–5.8 0.4–5.4 1.0–4.2 2.2–9.2 3.5–14.7 4.3–17.6 3.8–25.5 1.8–7.8 1.1–9.2 1.1–10.4 0.3–4.1 1.0–9.2 1.0–9.2 0.8–9.4 0.8–11.1 1.3–10.5 1.0–17.7 1.5–14.1 0.7–9.8 1.1–8.8 0.4–19.6 0.9–9.1 1.7–17.5 2.9–29.3 4.4–45.8 2.9–53.7 0.6–7.8 |
Tobacco smoking, remaining alcohol consumption, income, education, race, beverage temperature, religion, wood stove use, spicy food (matched variables: age, sex, study location, admission period) | |
|
Oral cavity and pharynx |
395 cases/391 controls restricted to smokers only. |
Drinking status Current drinkers Former drinkers Never drinkers |
1 0.77 0.37 |
0.3–2.0 0.1–0.9 |
|||||
| 21 | Znaor, et al. (2003) Chennai & Trivandrum, India, 1993–99 |
Oral cavity (ICD9 140, 141, 143–5) Pharynx (ICD9 146, 148, 149) |
1563 male cases from the Cancer Institute (Chennai) and the Regional Cancer Center (Trivandrum); histologically confirmed 1,711 male patients with non-tobacco-related cancers from same centers as cases and 1927 healthy male hospital visitors from only Chennai 636 male cases from the Cancer Institute (Chennai) and the Regional Cancer Center (Trivandrum); histologically confirmed. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Type of alcohol Never drinkers Arrack only Country liquor only Spirits only Cliq/arrac+spirits only Cliq/arrac+spirits+toddy only Type of alcohol Never drinkers Arrack only Country liquor only Spirits only Cliq/arrac+spirits only Cliq/arrac+spirits+toddy only |
1 7.19 1.73 1.04 2.12 1.80 1 3.91 2.53 1.14 2.42 2.89 |
5.11–10.12 1.30–2.32 0.78–1.38 1.33–3.40 1.32–2.46 2.49–6.16 1.78–3.60 0.79–1.65 1.37–4.26 2.00–4.17 |
Age, center, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption | |
| 27 | Altieri, et al. (2004) Itlay and Switzerland, 1992–97 |
Oral cavity and pharynx | 749 (634 men, 115 women) cases from Pordenone, Rome, Latina (Italy) and Vaud (Switzerland) admitted to major teaching and general hospitals in area under surveillance; aged 22–77; histologically confirmed. 1,772 (1,252 men, 520 women) hospital-controls from the same network of hospitals as cases; aged 20–78 yrs; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions |
Interview-administered structured questionnaire |
Wine Non-wine drinkers 1–2 drinks/day 3–4 5–7 8–11 12+ χ2 for trend Beer Non-beer drinkers 1–2 3+ χ2 for trend Spirits Non-spirit drinkers 1–2 3+ χ2 for trend |
1 2.2 7.1 11.8 16.1 221.83 1 1.2 2.3 9.86 1 1.0 1.9 1.14 |
1.6–3.0 5.0–10.1 8.1–17.2 10.2–25.3 p<0.0001 1.0–1.5 1.4–3.7 0.02 0.8–1.2 1.1–3.3 0.29 |
Age, sex, study center, education, smoking habit, and other types of alcohol | |
| 31 | Castellsague, et al. (2004) Spain, 1996–99 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx (ICDO C1–C10) |
375 (304 men, 71 women) cases identified from hospitals in Granada (1), Sevilla (1), Barcelona (2); mean age 60 yrs; histologically confirmed; 76.5% response rate. 375 (304 men, 71 women) non-cancer hospital-controls from same hospitals as cases, frequency matched on age and sex, mean age 60 yrs; excluded patients with alcohol and tobacco-related diagnoses; 91% response rate |
Interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire in hospital |
Type of alcohol Never drinkers Only beer Only wine and beer Only wine Spirits w/t wine or beer p for trend |
1 1.16 1.96 2.71 7.28 |
0.47–2.82 0.96–3.99 1.31–5.60 3.65–14.52 <0.0001 |
Age group, sex, education, tobacco smoking, center, and daily consumption of pure ethanol | |
| 25 | De Stefani, et al. (2004) Montevideo, Uruguay, 1997–2003 |
Hypophyranx | 85 males cases identified in the four major hospitals in Montevideo; microscopically confirmed; 97.5% response rate. 640 hospital-based male controls from the same hospitals as cases; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions with no recent changes in diet; frequency matched (2:1 controls:cases) on age and residence; 97% response rate |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Beer Beer abstainers 1–60 ml ethanol/day 61+ p for trend Red wine Wine abstainers 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend Hard liquor Liquor abstainers 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend |
1 0.8 0.2 1 2.3 5.2 4.5 1 0.9 2.2 3.3 |
0.3–1.9 0.1–1.1 0.08 0.9–5.5 2.2–12.4 1.9–10.8 0.0001 0.4–1.9 0.9–5.2 1.6–6.8 0.0008 |
Age, residence, urban/rural status, education, BMI, smoking, and other two type of alcohols | |
| 16 | De Stefani, et al. (2007) Montevideo, Uruguay, 1988–2000 |
Oral cavity (excluding lip) Pharynx (excluding nasopharynx |
335 males cases identified in the four major hospitals in Montevideo; microscopically confirmed; 97% response rate. 1501 hospital-based non-cancer male controls; excluded patients of alcohol and tobacco-related conditions with no recent changes in diet; 97% response rate. 441 males cases identified in the four major hospitals in Montevideo; microscopically confirmed; 97% response rate. |
Interviewer-administered questionnaire |
Beer Beer abstainers 1–22 ml ethanol/day 23+ p for trend Wine Wine abstainers 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend Hard liquor Liquor abstainer 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend Beer Beer abstainers 1–22 ml ethanol 23+ p for trend Wine Wine abstainers 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend Hard liquor Liquor abstainer 1–60 61–120 121+ p for trend |
1 0.5 0.4 1 0.8 1.5 1.4 1 0.8 1.8 1.4 1 0.8 0.3 1 1.1 2.7 2.5 1 0.9 1.6 0.9 |
0.3–0.9 0.2–0.9 0.004 0.6–1.2 1.0–2.1 0.9–2.4 0.03 0.6–1.2 1.2–2.7 0.8–2.2 0.03 0.4–1.3 0.2–0.7 0.001 0.8–1.5 1.9–3.8 1.6–3.9 <0.0001 0.7–1.3 1.1–2.3 0.5–1.4 0.5 |
Age, residence, urban/rural status, hospital, year of diagnosis, education, family history of cancer, occupation, vegetable and fruit consumption, mate, smoking, total alcohol intake | |
| 48 | Purdue, et al. (2009) International Consortium of Head and Neck Cancer. Combined analysis of 15 studies from US, South and Central American, European countries |
Oral cavity, pharynx, oro-pharynx, hypo-pharynx oral cavity or pharynx not otherwise specified, larynx, and head and neck cancer unspecified (excluding salivary gland) |
858 cases and 986 controls of beer-only drinkers. 1124 cases and 3487 controls of never drinkers 499 cases and 527 controls of liquor-only drinkers. 1021 cases and 2460 controls of wine-only drinkers. |
Interview or self-administrated questionnaire |
Beer-only drinkers Never drinkers ≤5 drinks1/week 6–15 16–30 30+ p for trend Liquor-only drinkers Never drinkers ≤5 drinks1/week 6–15 16–30 30+ p for trend Wine-only drinkers Never drinkers ≤5 drinks1/week 6–15 16–30 30+ p for trend |
1 1.6 1.9 2.2 5.4 1 1.6 1.5 2.3 3.6 1 1.1 1.2 1.9 6.3 |
1.3–2.1 1.4–2.7 1.3–3.5 3.1–9.2 <0.0001 1.0–2.6 1.0–2.4 1.4–4.0 2.2–5.8 <0.0001 0.8–1.6 0.8–1.9 0.9–3.9 2.2–18.6 <0.0001 |
Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, study center, smoking pack-years, years of cigar smoking, years of pipe smoking | 1ethanol-standardized drinks |