| 30 |
Blot, et al. (1988)
USA, 1984–85 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (ICD9 141, 143–146, 148, 149), excluding salivary gland and nasopharynx |
1,114 (762 men, 352 women) cases; 1,268 population controls |
Males
No.
Cases/Controls
OR |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| <1 |
1–4 |
5–14 |
15–29 |
30+ |
|
| Non-smoker |
12/66
1 |
12/52
1.3 |
15/39
1.6 |
5/21
1.4 |
6/7
5.8 |
| Short duration/former1
|
8/42
0.7 |
24/61
2.2 |
21/90
1.4 |
25/49
3.2 |
43/37
6.4 |
| 1–19/day for 20+ yrs |
2/6
1.7 |
7/21
1.5 |
8/18
2.7 |
16/18
5.4 |
22/14
7.9 |
| 20–39/day for 20+ yrs |
8/17
1.9 |
17/34
2.4 |
28/40
4.4 |
52/42
7.2 |
145/33
23.8 |
| 40+ /day for 20+ yrs |
9/4
7.4 |
6/14
0.7 |
19/19
4.4 |
43/11
20.2 |
148/21
37.7 |
| Pipe/cigar only |
1/4
0.6 |
5/24
1.0 |
8/13
3.7 |
13/9
4.7 |
25/6
23.0 |
|
1Quit for 10+ yrs or smoked for >20 yrs;
Adjusted for age, race, study location, respondent status (self vs. next-of-kin) |
|
Females
No.
Cases/Controls
OR |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| <1 |
1–4 |
5–14 |
15–29 |
30+ |
|
| Non-smoker |
36/112
1 |
11/62
0.7 |
7/23
1.3 |
0/3
0.0 |
0/2
0.0 |
| Short duration/former1
|
7/27
1.0 |
8/21
1.6 |
4/30
0.4 |
3/10
1.1 |
3/0
~ |
| 1–19/day for 20+ yrs |
4/13
0.9 |
22/15
5.1 |
11/15
2.8 |
3/3
4.6 |
9/3
11.0 |
| 20–39/day for 20+ yrs |
12/19
2.2 |
20/25
2.7 |
35/18
6.9 |
31/9
12.4 |
38/3
46.0 |
| 40+ /day for 20+ yrs |
4/0
~ |
14/6
9.3 |
15/7
7.8 |
18/4
18.0 |
37/1
107.9 |
|
|
| 23 |
Tuyns, et al. (1988)
Italy, Spain, Switzerland, France
1980–83 |
Hypopharynx |
281 male cases; 3,057 male population controls |
No. of cases
OR |
Alcohol (g/day)
|
| 0–40 |
41–80 |
81–120 |
121+ |
|
| 0–7 cigarettes/day |
4
1 |
10
3.0 |
7
5.5 |
11
15.0 |
| 8–15 cigarettes/day |
9
4.7 |
32
14.6 |
28
27.5 |
39
71.6 |
| 16–25 cigarette/day |
27
13.9 |
42
19.5 |
52
48.3 |
56
67.8 |
| 26+ cigarettes/day |
5
4.9 |
15
18.4 |
22
37.6 |
50
135.5 |
|
Adjusted for age, place, age/place interaction |
| 40 |
Merletti, et al. (1989)
Torino, Italy, 1982–84 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx
(ICD9 140.3–140.5, 141, 143–146) |
122 (86 men, 36 women); 606 (385 men, 221 women) population-based controls |
Men
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (g/day)
|
| 0–40 |
41–120 |
>120 |
|
| 0–7 tobacco g/day |
4/61
1 |
4/82 (categories combined)
0.6 (0.2–2.0) |
| 8–15 g/day |
7/31
3.3 (0.9–12.4) |
15/50
3.6 (1.1–12.0) |
5/10
8.6 (1.9–39.0) |
| >16 |
10/57
2.5 (0.7–8.5) |
25/82
3.6 (1.2–11.3) |
16/12
21.4 (5.9–77.7) |
|
Adjusted for age, education, area of birth, |
|
Women
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (g/day)
|
| 0–20 |
21–40 |
>40 |
|
| 0 tobacco g/day |
6/66
1 |
5/46
1.1 (0.3–4.1) |
2/25
0.8 (0.1–4.2) |
| 1+ g/day |
5/46
2.8 (0.7–11.1) |
8/27
6.5 (1.7–24.5) |
10/11
21.3 (5.1–88.6) |
|
|
| 17 |
Franceschi, et al. (1990)
Milan & Pordenone, Italy, 1986–89 |
Oral cavity
(ICD9 140, 141, 143–145), Pharynx
(ICD9 146, 148, 161.1) |
157 male cases; 1272 hospital-based non-cancer male controls |
No.
Cases/Controls
OR |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| <35 |
35–59 |
60+ |
|
| Non-smoker |
3/185
1 |
2/81
1.6 |
1/23
2.3 |
| Light |
7/162
3.1 |
7/70
5.4 |
12/49
10.9 |
| Intermediate |
39/296
10.9 |
79/192
26.6 |
102/126
36.4 |
| Heavy |
7/37
17.6 |
8/19
40.2 |
19/13
79.6 |
|
Adjusted for age, area of residence, education, occupation |
| 20 |
Zheng, et al. (1990)
Beijing, China (PRC), 1988–89 |
Oral cavity (ICD9 141, 143–145) |
404 (248 men, 156 women) cases; 404 randomly selected non-cancer hospital-based controls |
No.
cases/controls
OR |
Alcohol (lifetime consumption of spirit equivalents in kg)
|
| 0 kg |
<217 kg |
217–801 kg |
>801 kg |
|
| 0 pack-years |
20/51
1 |
9/18
1.2 |
4/11
0.8 |
4/7
2.4 |
| 1–18 pack-years |
15/25
1.4 |
15/15
2.8 |
13/6
5.6 |
4/1
15.2 |
| 19–32 pack-years |
12/11
2.1 |
14/8
4.9 |
9/14
1.7 |
19/5
10.1 |
| >32 pack-years |
13/9
2.5 |
2/1
5.9 |
14/7
5.9 |
31/9
17.4 |
|
Adjusted for age, education |
| 45 |
Maier, et al. (1992)
Heidelberg & Giessen, Germany, 1987–88 |
Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx |
200 male cases; 800 outpatient male controls |
No.
Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (g/day)
|
| <25 |
25–75 |
>75 |
|
| <5 tobacco-years |
5/178
1 |
5/97
2.3 (0.6–8.8) |
3/10
10.3 (1.9–55.8) |
| 5–50 tobacco-years |
27/246
5.7 (1.9–17.3) |
50/180
14.6 (4.8–43.9) |
44/19
153.2 (44.1–532) |
| >50 tobacco-years |
14/33
23.3 (6.6–82.5) |
27/28
52.8 (15.8–176.6) |
25/9
146.2 (37.7–566) |
|
|
| 22 |
Nam, et al. (1992)
USA, 1986 |
Nasopharynx |
204 (141 men, 63 women) white cases; 408 (282 men, 126 women) controls |
OR (p-value if
given) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| 0–3 |
4–23 |
24+ |
|
| ≤30 pack-years |
1 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
| 31–59 pack-years |
1.5 |
2.3 (<0.05) |
2.6 (<0.01) |
| ≥60 pack-years |
2.2 (<0.05) |
2.3 (<0.05) |
5.2 (<0.01) |
|
Adjusted for sex |
| 39 |
Mashberg, et al. (1993)
New Jersey, USA, 1972–83 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx |
359 white and black male cases; 2,280 white or black male controls |
No.
Cases/Controls
OR |
Alcohol (whiskey equivalent/day)
|
Minimal
drinkers |
2–5
WE/day |
6–10
WE/day |
11–21
WE/day |
22+
WE/day |
|
| Minimal smokers |
1/16
1 |
1/56
2.7 |
2/27
11.9 |
3/35
12.5 |
2/28
8.3 |
| Cigar/Pipe |
6/69
20.5 |
6/62
17.0 |
13/39
53.4 |
6/44
27.3 |
5/35
23.1 |
| 6–15 cigarettes/day |
3/62
10.8 |
7/56
24.2 |
17/55
50.9 |
8/52
30.9 |
6/31
27.5 |
| 16–25 cigarettes/day |
4/106
7.6 |
16/103
29.7 |
23/108
28.9 |
34/125
44.8 |
31/85
61.7 |
| 26–35 cigarettes/day |
0/43
-- |
2/48
5.3 |
18/39
61.9 |
18/40
79.5 |
22/38
70.3 |
| 36+ cigarettes/day |
1/61
3.2 |
4/50
10.2 |
17/74
26.8 |
40/65
98.4 |
30/126
32.0 |
|
Adjusted for age, race |
| 35 |
Kabat, et al. (1994)
USA, 1977–90 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (excluding nasopharynx) |
1,560 (1,097 men, 463 women) cases; 2,948 (2,075 men, 873 women) hospital-based controls |
Males
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (oz/day)
|
| 1–3.9 oz/day |
4–6.9 oz/day |
7+ oz/day |
|
| Never |
1 |
1.2 (0.4–3.7) |
2.9 (1.1–8.1) |
| Ex-smoker (abstained for 12+ months) |
1.0 (0.7–1.6) |
1.7 (1.1–2.6) |
5.1 (3.3–7.8) |
| 1–20 cigarettes/day |
1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
5.8 (3.7–9.1) |
11.9 (7.7–18.4) |
| 21–30 cigarettes/day |
2.2 (1.1–4.3) |
6.8 (3.6–12.7) |
13.5 (7.9–23.2) |
| 31+ cigarettes/day |
2.0 (1.1–3.7) |
6.9 (3.9–12.4) |
20.1 (12.9–31.5) |
|
Adjusted for age, education, race, time period, type of hospital |
|
Females
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (oz/day)
|
| 1–3.9 oz/day |
4+ oz/day |
|
| Never |
1 |
3.5 (0.9–13.4) |
| Ex-smoker (abstained for 12+ months) |
1.3 (0.9–2.0) |
2.7 (1.0–7.9) |
| 1–20 cigarettes/day |
2.9 (1.9–4.3) |
17.6 (8.1–37.5) |
| 21+ cigarettes/day |
3.8 (2.3–6.2) |
26.7 (12.3–58.5) |
|
|
| 4 |
Chyou, et al. (1995)
Hawaii, USA |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx (ICD8 140–150, 161) |
Cohort of 7,995 men of Japanese ancestry |
No.
cases/controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (oz/month)
|
0
oz/month |
>0–<14
oz/month |
14+
oz/month |
|
| 0 cigs/day |
3/1134
1 |
3/888
1.3 (0.3–6.3) |
6/346
6.5 (1.6–26.0) |
| >0–20 cigs/day |
8/1093
3.0 (0.8–11.3) |
6/1248
1.9 (0.5–7.7) |
24/916
10.7 (3.2–35.4) |
| >20 cigs/day |
5/685
3.2 (0.8–13.4) |
7/620
4.6 (1.2–17.7) |
28/819
14.4 (4.4–47.4) |
|
Study population from Kato (1992); Adjusted for age |
| 6 |
Murata, et al. (1996)
Japan |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx
(ICD9 140–150, 161) |
Nested case-control study; cohort of 17,200 men; 51 cases; 102 controls |
No.
cases/controls
OR (p-value if
given) |
Alcohol (cups/day)1
|
| 0 |
0.1–1.0 |
1.1+ |
|
| Non-smoker |
7/26
1 |
6/18
1.2 |
5/9
2.1 |
| Smoker |
10/20
1.9 |
7/19
1.4 |
16/10
5.9 (<0.01) |
|
1In sake-equivalents (180ml sake contains ~27ml ethanol) |
| 42 |
Sanderson, et al. (1997)
Netherlands, 1980–90 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx (excluding salivary glands and lip) |
303 women; 1779 women controls |
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (units/day)
|
| Non-drinker |
1–5
units/day |
>5
units/day |
|
| Non-smoker |
125/976
1 |
39/205
2.4 (1.6–3.6) |
|
| Smoker |
28/367
1.0 (0.6–1.5) |
65/199
6.5 (4.4–9.7) |
|
| Non-smoker & Smoker |
|
|
46/32
32.9 (18.3–59.2) |
|
|
| 19 |
Zheng, et al. (1997)
Beijing, China (PRC), 1988–89 |
Tongue |
111 (65 men, 46 women) cases; 111 randomly selected non-cancer hospital-based controls |
No. cases/controls
OR (p-value if given) |
Alcohol (lifetime intake, spirit equivalents in kg)
|
| Never |
≤255 kg |
>255 kg |
|
| Never |
39/54
1 |
6/10
1.9 |
3/4
2.4 |
| ≤20 pack-years |
10/11
1.2 |
9/9
1.6 |
4/3
3.0 |
| >20 |
15/7
7.6 (<0.05) |
8/1
23.3 (<0.05) |
17/12
4.1 |
|
Adjusted for education (Matching variables: age, sex) |
| 46 |
Schildt, et al. (1998)
Sweden, 1980–89 |
Oral cavity
(ICD7 140, 141, 143–145) |
354 (237 men, 117 women); 354 (237 men, 117 women) population control |
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95 %CI) |
Liquor (based on amount and frequency scoring)
|
| Never liquor |
Low intake |
Medium intake |
High intake |
|
| Never smokers
|
80/100
1 |
50/45
1.2 (0.8–1.9) |
7/11
1.4 (0.8–2.6) |
4/2
4.2 (1.8–9.4) |
Low intake
Life: ≤124.8 kg of tobacco |
15/22
1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
26/31
1.2 (0.6–2.1) |
19/17
1.4 (0.7–2.7) |
4/4
4.0 (1.6–9.8) |
High intake
Life: >124.8 kg of tobacco |
8/9
1.4 (0.8–2.3) |
30/31
1.6 (0.9–2.9) |
27/21
2.0 (1.0–3.6) |
30/7
5.7 (2.4–14) |
|
|
| 49 |
Franceschi, et al. (1999)
Italy & Switzerland, 1992–97 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (excluding lip, salivary gland, nasopharynx) |
749 (634 men, 115 women) cases; 1,772 (1,252 men, 520 women) hospital-based controls |
Oral cavity
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| 0–20 |
21–48 |
49–76 |
≥77 |
|
| Never smoker |
3/193
1 |
5/119
2.7 (0.6–11.6) |
3/34 (categories combined)
4.5 (0.8–24.2) |
| 1–14 cigarettes/day |
2/62
2.2 (0.4–13.5) |
6/49
5.9 (1.4–25.1) |
11/16
30.6 (7.3–128.2) |
8/6
52.4 (10.4–264.2) |
| 15–24 cigarette/day |
4/78
3.0 (0.6–13.8) |
28/65
22.9 (6.6–79.4) |
35/28
62.5 (17.4–224.2) |
31/15
110.3 (29.1–418.1) |
| ≥25 cigarettes/cay |
4/41
5.6 (1.2–26.3) |
12/27
22.7 (5.9–86.9) |
25/11
103.1 (26.4–402.7) |
31/7
227.8 (54.6–950.7) |
Ex-smoker
(abstained 12+ mo) |
12/187
3.9 (1.1–14.1) |
20/212
6.0 (1.7–21.0) |
17/71
10.5 (2.9–38.6) |
17/33
25.4 (6.7–96.0) |
|
Study population from Franceschi (2000); Adjusted for age, area of residence, interviewer, education, vegetable and fruit intake, total energy intake |
|
Pharynx
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| 0–20 |
21–48 |
49–76 |
≥77 |
|
| Never smoker |
6/193
1 |
2/119
0.4 (0.1–2.3) |
1/34 (categories combined)
0.5 (0.1–4.3) |
| 1–14 cigarettes/day |
4/62
2.3 (0.6–8.4) |
11/49
4.5 (1.5–13.4) |
17/16
16.3 (5.3–50.5) |
13/6
27.5 (7.2–105.1) |
| 15–24 cigarette/day |
12/78
4.4 (1.6–12.5) |
32/65
11.7 (4.6–30.2) |
40/28
26.9 (10.0–72.3) |
48/15
58.3 (20.3–167.3) |
| ≥25 cigarettes/cay |
7/41
5.5 (1.7–17.8) |
22/27
18.6 (6.8–51.3) |
18/11
32.2 (10.3–100.4) |
36/7
100.4 (30.8–327.7) |
| Ex-smoker (abstained 12+ mo) |
11/187
1.7 (0.6–4.9) |
22/212
2.7 (1.3–3.7) |
31/71
6.8 (2.6–17.8) |
31/33
14.8 (5.4–40.9) |
|
|
| 34 |
Hayes, et al. (1999)
Puerto Rico, 1992–95 |
Oral cavity and pharynx (ICD9 141–143–146, 148, 149) |
342 (286 men, 56 women) cases; 521 (417 men, 104 women) population-based controls |
Men
No. cases/controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
| None |
1–7
drinks/week |
8–21
drinks/week |
22–42
drinks/week |
42+
drinks/week |
|
| None |
6/44
1 |
1/49
0.2 (0.0–1.5) |
2/24
0.6 (0.1–3.5) |
2/10
1.6 (0.3–.6) |
4/5
6.4 (1.3–31.9) |
| Low |
0/13
-- |
10/47
1.6 (0.5–4.8) |
3/16
1.3 (0.3–5.7) |
11/7
3.7 (0.8–16.4) |
9/12
5.5 (1.6–19.0) |
| 10–19 cigarettes/day |
1/1
11.3 (0.6–213.0) |
2/12
1.3 (0.2–7.2) |
3/13
1.8 (0.4–8.3) |
8/4
18.6 (4.1–84.0) |
10/7
12.2 (3.3–45.6) |
| 20–39 cigs/day |
1/5
1.8 (0.2–19.0) |
10/21
3.8 (1.2–12.0) |
13/17
6.2 (2.0–19.3) |
19/14
11.3 (3.7–34.5) |
60/10
50.2 (16.6–152.0) |
| 40+ cigs/day |
1/3
2.4 (0.2–27.6) |
6/10
4.3 (1.1–16.7) |
4/7
4.1 (0.9–18.7) |
10/8
10.5 (2.9–37.9) |
67/15
38.7 (13.6–110.0) |
|
Adjusted for age |
| 50 |
Schlecht, et al. (1999)
Brazil, 1986–89 |
Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
(ICD9 140–149, 161; excluding 142 and 147) |
784 cases; 1578 hospital-based controls |
Oral cavity
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (lifetime consumption in kg)
|
| 0–10 kg |
11–530 kg |
>530 kg |
|
| 0–5 pack-years |
1 |
1.2 (0.4–3.4) |
2.3 (0.6–9.1) |
| 6–42 pack-years |
2.9 (1.2–6.8) |
6.2 (2.7–14.1) |
19.5 (2.6–147) |
| >42 pack-years |
7.8 (2.9–21.0) |
11.2 (4.8–26.3) |
20.3 (9.0–45.3) |
|
Same study population as Schlecht (2001); Adjusted for race, beverage temperature, religion, wood stove use, spicy food intake (matching variables: age, sex, study location, admission period) |
|
Pharynx
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (lifetime consumption in kg)
|
| 0–10 kg |
11–530 kg |
>530 kg |
|
| 0–5 pack-years |
1 |
6.2 (0.7–56.6) |
22.3 (2.1–238) |
| 6–42 pack-years |
2.4 (0.2–24.0) |
21.7 (2.6–180) |
66.3 (1.7–2,556) |
| >42 pack-years |
69.4 (6.9–694) |
43.0 (4.9–340) |
77.3 (9.2–625) |
|
|
| 33 |
Garrote, et al. (2001)
Havana, Cuba, 1996–99 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx |
200 (143 men, 57 women) cases; 200 (136 men, 64 women) hospital-based controls |
No.
cases/controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
0
drinks/week |
<21
drinks/week |
21+
drinks/week |
|
| Never smokers |
14/58
1 |
1/14 (categories combined)
0.5 (0.1–4.7) |
| 1–29 cigs/day |
35/27
6.6 (2.8–15.7) |
17/18
11.0 (3.7–32.8) |
15/7
26.7 (7.2–100.0) |
| 30+ cigs/day |
15/5
10.5 (2.9–38.2) |
15/3
42.3 (8.4–212.3) |
21/3
111.2 (22.7–543.7) |
|
Adjusted for age, sex, area of residence, education; also smoking (former smokers only) |
| 43 |
Schwartz, et al. (2001)
Washington, USA, 1985–95 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx (excluding lip) |
333 (237 men, 96 women) cases of in situ and invasive cancers; 541 (387 men, 154 women) population-based controls |
No.
cases/controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/week)
|
<1
drink/week |
1–14
drinks/week |
≥15
drinks/week |
|
| Never |
26/80
1 |
19/90
0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
5/18
1.2 (0.4–3.6) |
| 1–20 pack-years |
9/41
0.8 (0.31.8) |
27/112
0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
13/14
3.8 (1.5–9.4) |
| ≥20 pack-years |
10/20
1.8 (0.7–4.5) |
94/110
3.3 (1.9–5.7) |
130/56
9.9 (5.5–17.9) |
|
Adjusted for age, sex, race |
| 14 |
Balaram, et al. (2002)
Southern, India, 1996–99 |
Oral cavity |
591 (309 men, 282 women) cases; 582 (292 men, 290 women) hospital-based controls |
Paan chewing
No. cases/controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol |
|
|
Never
drinker |
Current
drinker |
|
| Never chewer |
64/174
1 |
48/38
2.8 (1.6–5.1) |
| Current chewer |
48/18
7.3 (3.8–14.1) |
46/13
8.6 (4.1–18.1) |
|
Adjusted for age, center, education, oral hygiene, smoking |
| 2 |
Boeing, et al. (2002)
Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands, UK |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus |
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): Cohort of 417,752 healthy adults |
No. Cases
Hazard RR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (g/day)
|
| 0–30 |
>30–60 |
>60 |
|
| Non-smoker |
58
1 |
7
2.6 (1.1–6.0) |
4
6.9 (2.3–2.7) |
| 1–20 cigs/day |
22
2.0 (1.2–3.5) |
6
5.1 (2.1–12.7) |
6
22.0 (8.3–58.1) |
| >20 cigs/day |
7
6.8 (3.0–15.5) |
7
20.7 (8.7–49.0) |
7
48.7 (20.0–118.9) |
|
Adjusted for sex, follow-up time, education, BMI, vegetable and fruit intake, energy intake |
| 21 |
Znaor, et al. (2003)
Chennai & Trivandrum, India, 1993–99 |
Oral cavity
(ICD9 140, 141, 143–5) and |
1563 male cases from the Cancer Institute (Chennai) and the Regional Cancer Center (Trivandrum); histologically confirmed |
| Chewing |
Smoke |
Alcohol |
No. Cases/Controls |
OR (95% CI) |
|
| No |
No |
No |
122/1471 |
1 |
| No |
No |
Yes |
16/75 |
2.56 (1.42–4.64) |
| No |
Yes |
No |
268/1084 |
2.45 (1.94–3.10) |
| No |
Yes |
Yes |
287/449 |
4.81 (3.74–6.19) |
| Yes-T− |
No |
No |
24/83 |
3.39 (2.04–5.06) |
| Yes-T− |
No |
Yes |
6/15 |
4.36 (1.55–12.30) |
| Yes-T− |
Yes |
No |
25/49 |
4.80 (2.79–8.27) |
| Yes-T− |
Yes |
Yes |
33/34 |
8.10 (4.68–14.02) |
| Yes-T+ |
No |
No |
159/127 |
9.27 (6.79–12.66) |
| Yes-T+ |
No |
Yes |
95/26 |
24.28 (14.87–39.65) |
| Yes-T+ |
Yes |
No |
161/102 |
8.53 (6.13–11.89) |
| Yes-T+ |
Yes |
Yes |
342/119 |
16.34 (12.13–22.00) |
|
Adjusted for age, center, and education level; T+: with tobacco; T−: without tobacco |
|
|
Pharynx
(ICD9 146, 148, 149) |
636 male cases from the Cancer Institute (Chennai) and the Regional Cancer Center (Trivandrum); histologically confirmed |
| Chewing |
Smoke |
Alcohol |
No. Cases/Controls |
OR (95% CI) |
|
| No |
No |
No |
50/1471 |
1 |
| No |
No |
Yes |
0/75 |
- |
| No |
Yes |
No |
175/1084 |
3.54 (2.54–4.94) |
| No |
Yes |
Yes |
199/449 |
8.41 (5.94–11.90) |
| Yes-T− |
No |
No |
5/83 |
1.60 (0.61–4.17) |
| Yes-T− |
No |
Yes |
0/15 |
- |
| Yes-T− |
Yes |
No |
10/49 |
4.89 (2.29–10.43) |
| Yes-T− |
Yes |
Yes |
19/34 |
10.75 (5.53–20.90) |
| Yes-T+ |
No |
No |
25/127 |
3.73 (2.20–6.31) |
| Yes-T+ |
No |
Yes |
7/26 |
4.28 (1.72–10.62) |
| Yes-T+ |
Yes |
No |
32/102 |
4.55 (2.74–7.56) |
| Yes-T+ |
Yes |
Yes |
114/119 |
13.44 (8.90–20.29) |
|
|
| 31 |
Castellsague, et al. (2004)
Spain, 1996–99 |
Oral cavity and oropharynx
(ICDO C1–C10) |
375 (304 men, 71 women); 375 (304 men, 71 women) non-cancer hospital-controls |
No.
Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/day)
|
| Never drinker |
1–2 |
3–5 |
6+ |
|
| Never smoker
|
28/53
1 |
23/45
2.0 (0.9–4.4) |
2/8
1.1 (0.2–6.4) |
2/6
6.2 (1.0–39.2) |
| 1–10 cigs/day |
3/6
2.9 (0.6–14.8) |
14/31
4.7 (1.7–12.9) |
10/6
32.2 (8.1–127.1) |
1/7
2.7 (0.3–26.5) |
| 11–20 cigs/day |
2/8
1.0 (0.2–6.0) |
27/36
11.1 (4.0–30.6) |
22/15
26.6 (8.6–82.0) |
46/21
43.1 (15.0–123.8) |
| 21+ cigs/day |
2/8
1.9 (0.3–11.1) |
22/43
8.2 (2.9–22.9) |
40/31
22.0 (8.0–61.0) |
131/49
50.7 (19.1–134.2) |
|
Adjusted for age, sex, center, education |
| 25 |
De Stefani, et al. (2004)
Montevideo, Uruguay, 1997–2003 |
Hypopharynx |
85 males cases; 640 hospital-based male controls |
| OR (95% CI |
Alcohol (ml ethanol/day)
|
0–60
ml/day |
61–120
ml/day |
121+
ml/day |
|
| 0–14 cigs/day |
1 |
5.1 (1.1–23.3) |
4.6 (0.8–25.6) |
| 15–24 cigs/day |
1.9 (0.3–12.8) |
16.3 (4.2–62.9) |
22.3 (5.8–86.3) |
| 25+ cigs/day |
4.3 (0.8–23.5) |
5.6 (2.4–13.1) |
9.4 (4.1–21.6) |
|
Adjusted for age, residence, urban/rural status, education, BMI |
| 41 |
Rodriguez, et al. (2004)
Italy and Switzerland,
1984–93, 1992–97 |
Oral cavity and pharynx |
137 (113 men, 24 women) cases; 298 (226 men, 72 women) non-cancer hospital-based controls |
No. Cases/Controls
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/day)
|
| <6 |
6–<10 |
≥10 |
|
Never/ex-smokers
(abstained 12+ mo) |
22/157
1 |
4/26
1.9 (0.5–7.1) |
5/8
15.7 (3.6–67.9) |
| 1–15 cigarettes/day |
9/31
2.4 (0.9–6.4) |
9/4
21.2 (5.2–87.7) |
2/3
8.1 (1.0–64.8) |
| ≥15 cigarettes/day |
20/43
8.3 (3.3–20.6) |
24/10
44.2 (14.9–131.2) |
39/16
48.1 (17.6–131.0) |
|
Study populations from Franceschi (1990) and Franceschi (1999); Adjusted for education, marital status, BMI, coffee consumption (Matched variables: age, sex, study center) |
| 16 |
De Stefani, et al. (2007)
Montevideo, Uruguay, 1988–2000 |
Oral cavity (excluding lip) |
335 males cases; 1501 hospital-based non-cancer male controls |
Oral cavity
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (ml ethanol/day)
|
0–60
ml/day |
61–120
ml/day |
121–240
ml/day |
241+
ml/day |
|
| 0–9 cigs/day |
1 |
3.5 (1.2–10.5) |
2.9 (0.8–11.2) |
1.9 (0.2–15.9) |
| 10–19 cigs/day |
4.4 (2.1–9.4) |
8.9 (3.9–20.4) |
14.5 (6.1–34.2) |
24.5 (8.3–72.1) |
| 20–29 cigs/day |
4.8 (2.3–10.2) |
24.1 (11.5–50) |
21.2 (9.6–46.8) |
50.5 (21–119) |
| 30+ cigs/day |
6.5 (3.1–13.8) |
29.6 (13.7–64) |
42.5 (19.9–90) |
33.4 (15.8–70) |
|
Adjusted for age, residence, urban/rural status, hospital, year at diagnosis, education, family history of cancer, occupation, vegetable and fruit intake, mate intake |
|
|
Pharynx (excluding nasopharynx |
441 males cases; 1501 hospital-based non-cancer male controls |
Pharynx
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (ml ethanol/day)
|
0–60
ml/day |
61–120
ml/day |
121–240
ml/day |
241+
ml/day |
|
| 0–9 cigs/day |
1 |
0.9 (0.2–4.4) |
2.5 (0.8–8.2) |
9.8 (3.7–26.3) |
| 10–19 cigs/day |
2.8 (1.4–5.6) |
8.8 (4.3–17.9) |
18.6 (9.1–38.0) |
12.4 (4.0–38.7) |
| 20–29 cigs/day |
3.7 (1.9–7.1) |
16.8 (8.6–33.0) |
31.4 (16.0–62) |
53.2 (25–114) |
| 30+ cigs/day |
4.7 (2.4–9.2) |
24.0 (12.8–48) |
36.4 (18.7–71) |
43.8 (23.0–84) |
|
|
| 51 |
Hashibe, et al. (2009)
International Consortium of Head and Neck Cancer.
Combined analysis of 17 studies from US, South and Central American, European countries |
Oral cavity (ICD9 140, 141, 143–5)
Oro-pharynx/ |
2,993 cases; 15,751 controls |
Oral cavity
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/day)
|
| Never |
1–2 drinks/day |
3+ drinks/day |
|
| Never |
1 |
0.88 (0.65–1.20) |
1.05 (0.62–1.77) |
| 1–20 cigs/day |
1.72 (1.17–2.53) |
2.72 (1.47–5.04) |
9.60 (5.04–18.28) |
| >20 cigs/day |
3.13 (1.14–8.59) |
3.23 (1.84–5.67) |
15.49 (7.24–33.14) |
|
Adjusted for age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, and study center |
|
|
Hypo-pharynx
(ICD9 146, 148) |
4,040 cases; 15,751 controls |
Pharynx
OR (95% CI) |
Alcohol (drinks/day)
|
| Never |
1–2 drinks/day |
3+ drinks/day |
|
| Never |
1 |
1.26 (0.92–1.73) |
2.94 (1.73–5.02) |
| 1–20 cigs/day |
1.90 (1.34–2.68) |
2.57 (1.72–3.83) |
11.37 (6.50–19.89) |
| >20 cigs/day |
2.83 (1.66–4.82) |
4.10 (2.66–6.32) |
14.29 (7.26–28.15) |
|
|
