Table 2.

Overview of barriers in research utilization.

Specific barriers	Lit ref	Identified critical key factors of influence	Problem level	Problem domain
1. No awareness of researchers about the policy process	[12,21,27,36] and mentioned in inventory	Creating insight in working processes	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
2. Finding researchable questions	[7,12,27,29,30,33,37,38] and mentioned in inventory	Negotiate research questions, make an inventory on the need of information	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
3. Answers about a specific item	[12,30,39,40] and mentioned in inventory	Discuss limitations of study design and timelines	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
4. Limited results by choice of study design, mostly cross-sectional studies, no causes and solutions	[12,27,39,40] and mentioned in inventory	Discuss limitations of study design and timelines	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
5. Degree of uncertainty	[12,21,27,39]	Discuss limitations of study design and timelines	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
6. Actuality	[12,21,27,39] and mentioned in inventory	Discuss limitations of study design and timelines	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
7. Timing	[7,12,21,25,27,30,33,38,39,41-43] and mentioned in inventory	Which research information is given at what time	Process	Expectations (Preparation phase of research)
8. Language	[12,18,22,27,33,38,39,44,45] and mentioned in inventory	For which target group is the information intended; what jargon is used How convincing is the research message How is the package What is the relation with other policy domains	Process	Transfer (Publication phase of research)
9. Conflicting knowledge by other Researchers	[39,40,42,46]	Collecting other research information	Process	Transfer (Publication phase of research)
10. Media	[12,43,47]	Communicating with media	Process	Transfer (Publication phase of research)
11. Perceived robustness of evidence	[15,22,25,41,45,46,48-50]	How do stakeholders perceive the quality of the research	Individual	Acceptance
12. Perceived credibility of source: researchers or other stakeholders	[25,28,29,38,41,43,51,52] and mentioned in inventory	Who is bringing the message	Individual	Acceptance
13. "Fit" with personal knowledge, values or belief systems, preferences and traditions	[25,41,43,46,50,51] and mentioned in inventory		Individual	Acceptance
14. Consider whether or not a problem is important enough to deal with, relevance	[21,25,32,41,43,46,50,51]		Individual level	Interpretation
15. Consider connection with own personal or institutional interests	[21,25,32,41,43,46,50,51]		Individual level	Interpretation
16. Consider whose responsibility it is to take action	[21,25,32,43,46,50,51]		Individual level	Interpretation
17. Consider which solutions are at hand	[21,25,32,43,46,50,51]		Individual level	Interpretation