Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of healthy control subjects and Type 1 diabetic patients with microvascular complications (DMCx) and without complications (DMNoCx).
| Control (CON) n = 29 |
DMNoCx n = 66 |
DMCx n = 50 |
ALL DM n = 116 |
P All DM vs CON |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender,% | 52 | 47 | 40 | 44 | |
| Age, years | 41 (14) | 38 (14) | 41 (14) | 39 (14) | 0.56 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 0 | 18 (12)b | 27 (13) | 22 (13) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 (2.9) | 24.9 (3.4)b | 27.6 (4.9)a | 26.0 (4.2) | 0.004 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.1 (0.5) | 8.1 (1.3)a | 8.4 (1.2)a | 8.2 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose | 4.8 (0.4) | 12.9 (5.4)a | 13.2 (5.8)a | 12.9 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Vascular health measures | |||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118 (12) | 125 (12)b | 136 (15)a | 130 (15) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69 (10) | 70 (9)b | 75 (10) | 72 (10) | 0.16 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 49 (8) | 55 (8)a, b | 61 (10)a | 57 (9) | < 0.001 |
| Large artery elasticity, mL/mmHg × 10 | 18.1 (5.1) | 16.7 (5.6) | 15.7 (5.0) | 16.2 (5.3) | 0.082 |
| Small artery elasticity, mL/mmHg × 100 | 7.7 (2.8) | 6.7 (3.0)b | 5.1 (2.7)a | 6.0 (3.0) | 0.007 |
| Renal function measures | |||||
| Serum creatinine, mmol/L | 0.08 (0.08-0.09) | 0.08 (0.08-0.09)b | 0.10 (0.09-0.11)a | 0.09 (0.09-0.1) | 0.06 |
| Serum urea, mmol/L | 5.4 (5.0-5.9) | 5.2 (4.9-5.6)b | 7.7 (6.6-9.0)a | 6.1 (5.7-6.7) | 0.15 |
| Serum Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.81 (0.76-0.86) | 0.75 (0.72-0.78)b | 0.97 (0.83-1.14) | 0.83 (0.78-0.9) | 0.76 |
| GFR, ml/s/1.73 m2 | 92 (85-100) | 99 (93-106)b | 83 (74-95) | 92 (87-98) | 0.95 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio mg/mmol | 0.50 (0.32-0.77) | 0.73 (0.60-0.89)b | 5.41 (2.87-10.18)a | 1.75 (1.24-2.47) | 0.003 |
| % on BP drugs | 0 | 18a, b | 70a | 41 | < 0.001 |
| Lipid profiles and medications | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.0 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.0)a | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.1 (1.0) | 0.67 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.79 (0.64-0.98) | 0.88 (0.78-1.00) | 1.12 (0.95-1.32)a | 0.98 (0.89-1.08) | 0.06 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.0) | 0.93 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | 0.66 |
| % on lipid drugs | 0.4 | 13 | 36a | 23 | 0.01 |
| Inflammation and oxidative stress | |||||
| White Cell Count, cellsx109/L | 5.6 (5.2-6.1) | 6.2 (5.8-6.7) | 7.0 (6.3-7.7)a | 6.5 (6.2-6.9) | 0.02 |
| ESR, mm/h | 4.8 (3.7-6.3) | 7.0 (5.7-8.6)b | 10.9 (8.5-14.3)a | 8.4 (7.1-9.9) | 0.002 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.91 (0.58-1.42) | 1.46 (1.10-1.95) | 1.63 (1.15-2.31) | 1.58 (1.27-1.96) | 0.03 |
| sICAM-1, ng/mL | 250 (42) | 296 (53)a | 319 (59)a | 307 (58) | < 0.001 |
| sVCAM-1, ng/mL | 594 (178) | 602 (173) | 662 (137) | 629 (164) | 0.36 |
| s-eSelectin, ng/mL | 47 (25) | 63 (24) | 66 (23)a | 64 (23) | 0.002 |
| OxLDL/LDL | 38 (31-45) | 45 (40-51) | 44 (38-49) | 44 | 0.12 |
| % current smokers | 14 | 26 | 9 | 19 | 0.36 |
| % on aspirin | 3 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 0.33 |
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of healthy control subjects and Type 1 diabetic patients with microvascular complications (DMCx) and without complications (DMNoCx). Continuous data are mean (SD) or geometric mean (95% CI); a Significantly different from non-diabetic control subjects; b significantly different from Type 1 diabetic participants with microvascular complications.
Continuous data are mean (SD) or geometric mean (95% CI); a Significantly different from non-diabetic control subjects; b significantly different from Type 1 diabetic participants with microvascular complications.