Table 4.

Cross-countries comparison of percent of average positive responses in patient safety climate factors of the HSOPS to responses from operating theatre personnel at Haukeland University Hospital in October-November 2009

		United States [2]	Netherlandsa	Norway [8]	Norway
Patient safety climate factors of the HSOPSb		Hospital environment n = 338,607	Hospital environment n = 3,779	Hospital environment n = 1,919	Operating environment n = 358
		%	%	%	%
	Outcome variables
1.	Overall safety	65	52	-	57
2.	Frequency of events	62	38	28	31
	Unit-level factors
3.	Leaders' expectations	75	62	72	65
4.	Continuous improvement	72	47	50	46
5.	Teamwork within units	80	84	68	57
6.	Open communication	62	69	64	58
7.	Error feedback	63	49	40	37
8.	Non-punitive	44	67	72	72
9.	Adequate staffing	56	62	49	52
	Hospital-level factors
10.	Management support	72	32	25	22
11.	Teamwork across units	58	28	31	32
12	Handoffs and transitions	44	40	39	31
Total average sum score		63	53	49	47

^a Source: Wagner C, Smits M. Patient safety culture. Differences between professions and countries http://internationalforum.bmj.com/2010-forum/presentation-slides/wednesday/A7%20Wagner,%20Smits.pdf

^b Complete labels: 1: overall perceptions of safety; 2: frequency of events reported; 3; supervisors' or managers' expectations and actions promoting patient safety; 4: organizational learning - continuous improvement; 5: teamwork within units; 6: communication openness; 7: feedback and communication about error; 8: non-punitive response to error; 9: adequate staffing; 10: hospital management support for patient safety; 11: teamwork across hospital units; 12: hospital handoffs and transitions.