mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissue impacts on postoperative recurrence of HCC

Abstract

AIM: To investigate whether microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in non-cancerous liver affects HCC prognosis after hepatectomy.

METHODS: The relationship between patient clinical profiles, tumor factors, surgical determinants, and mPGES-1 expression and the recurrence-free survival rate were examined in 64 patients who underwent curative hepatectomy between March 2003 and December 2006.

RESULTS: The scores for mPGES-1 expression were higher in well differentiated and moderately differentiated HCC tissues than in poorly differentiated HCC tissues (well differentiated, 5.1 ± 2.7; moderately differentiated, 5.1 ± 1.7; poorly differentiated, 3.0 ± 1.8). In non-cancerous liver tissues, the mPGES-1 levels were higher in injured liver tissues than in normal tissues. Cirrhotic livers had higher mPGES-1 levels than livers with chronic hepatitis (normal livers, 3.3 ± 0.7; chronic hepatitic livers, 5.4 ± 1.9; cirrhotic livers, 6.4 ± 1.6). A univariate analysis revealed that the recurrence-free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with vascular invasion, a higher mPGES-1 level in non-cancerous liver tissue, a larger tumor diameter (≥ 5 cm), and a lower serum albumin level (≤ 3.7 g/dL). The mPGES-1 expression in HCC tissues did not correlate well with postoperative recurrence. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of vascular invasion and higher mPGES-1 levels were statistically significant independent predictors for early postoperative recurrence of HCC.

CONCLUSION: Increased mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissues is closely associated with the early recurrence of HCC after curative resection.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer death worldwide[1,2]. Hepatectomy is one of the best treatment modalities for HCC. Recent advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have led to improved survival after curative resection. However, the rates of postoperative recurrence remain high (60%-80%)[3], and such recurrences can originate from intrahepatic metastases of the primary HCC and from the multicentric occurrence of new tumors[4]. With regard to the latter, many studies have reported a significant association between HCC development and underlying liver disease[5,6]. Therefore, HCC tumor factors as well as the underlying hepatic status should be carefully examined to predict tumor recurrence after curative resection and to choose optimal treatments.

A variety of malignant tumors in many visceral sites have appeared after chronic inflammation[7]. Clinical and biochemical evidence suggests that prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) produced at inflammation sites and its receptors play an important role in the development of malignant tumors, including HCC and other cancers[8,9]. The biosynthesis of PGE₂ from arachidonic acid requires two enzymatic activities that include cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), which is the terminal enzyme for PGE₂ biosynthesis. Three PGES isoforms have been identified, including microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1), mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGES[10,11]. In particular, mPGES-1, an enzyme induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli, has received much attention[8,11]. Previous studies have indicated that mPGES-1 overexpression was associated with various types of cancer, including HCC[12,13]. Therefore, mPGES-1 may play an important role in HCC recurrence in the remnant liver tissue after curative resection for HCC.

The aim of the present study was to clarify whether mPGES-1 expression in HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues affects the clinical course of HCC patients undergoing curative resection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients and follow-up

Sixty-four consecutive patients (42 males and 22 females) underwent curative liver resection for HCC at the Division of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, between March 2003 and December 2006. In all cases, the diagnosis of HCC was confirmed by pathological examination of the resected specimens.

The inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: (1) the absence of extrahepatic metastasis; (2) curative resection defined as histological evidence of the complete removal of HCC tumors; and (3) no additional therapies or multi-modality treatment for HCC until the development of recurrence. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. They were regularly followed up at our outpatient clinic and were prospectively monitored for disease recurrence by serum levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), and ultrasonography or computed tomography every 3 mo. Suspected intra-hepatic recurrence was confirmed by hepatic angiography, and if necessary, by percutaneous needle biopsy. The follow-up period was at least 12 mo or until death in patients who died within 12 mo of their operation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and the Ethics Committee at National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center.

Tissue samples

HCC tissues and non-cancerous liver tissues from the opposite liver lobe in which HCC developed were obtained. The tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until use. For immunohistochemical analysis, the tissues were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded.

Histologically “normal” livers (free of hepatitis B or C viral infections and without any significant pathological abnormalities) were obtained from 7 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.

Immunohistochemistry

For immunohistochemical analysis of the mPGES-1 protein, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were cut into 4 μm-thick sections. The sections were deparaffinized in xylene and subsequently rehydrated in sequential ethanol (100%-70%). After washing 3 times with 10 mmol/L phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4), antigen retrieval was performed by first heating in a microwave at 95°C for 20 min, then by washing twice in PBS for 10 min. The sections were treated with peroxidase-blocking solution (DAKO Japan, Kyoto, Japan) for 5 min, and incubated with the primary antibody for 60 min at room temperature. The primary antibody used was a 1:100 dilution of a mPGES-1 polyclonal antibody (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). A standardized two-step method with ENVISION plus (DAKO) was used for detection. The reaction products were visualized using diaminobenzidine as a chromogen (DAKO), and counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin (DAKO). The specificity of the antibody was checked by the adsorption with corresponding blocking peptides (Cayman Chemical) using a 1:1 ratio of primary antibody to blocking peptide.

Scoring criteria for mPGES-1 expression

Two blinded investigators (MI and KN) evaluated the immunostained sections. To assess the mPGES-1 protein staining results, the cytoplasmic immunoreactive intensity was scored as previously described[14]. In summary, the staining intensity for mPGES-1 was scored in each specimen on a scale of 0-3, with 0 = negative staining, 1 = weakly positive staining, 2 = moderately positive staining, and 3 = strongly positive staining (Figure 1). The staining intensity was evaluated for the maximum intensity among positive cells (‘‘maximum intensity of staining’’, I) and the intensity level observed in the largest number of positive cells (‘‘most extensive intensity level’’, II). The extent to which positive cells were observed in each specimen (‘‘extent of distribution of positive cells”, III) was estimated and scored on a scale of 0-4, with 0 = negative, 1 = positive in 1%-25% of cells, 2 = positive in 26%-50% of cells, 3 = positive in 51%-75% of cells, and 4 = positive in 76%-100% of cells. Each section was evaluated for the sum of these three parameters (I + II + III). Immunoreactivity for mPGES-1 protein was compared statistically using the average of the sum in each histological category. The patients in the present study were divided into two groups, including the higher expression (the sum of the categorical score, 6 to 10) and the lower expression groups (the sum of the categorical score; less than 6).

Figure 1.

Grading of immunohistochemical staining for microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 protein in representative liver tissue (original magnification, × 200). A: No immunoreactivity for microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) (grade 0); B: Weakly positive for mPGES-1 (grade 1); C: Moderately positive for mPGES-1 (grade 2); D: Strongly positive for mPGES-1 (grade 3).

Western blotting analysis

We performed a Western blotting analysis on representative samples of HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues. The tissues were homogenized on ice in RIPA buffer [PBS, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] containing 100 ng/mL phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, 4 mg/mL aprotinin, 2 mg/mL leupeptin, 1 mg/mL pepstatin, 10 mg/mL antipain, 10 mg/mL soybean trypsin inhibitor, and 2 mmol/L ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid. The homogenates were clarified by centrifugation. Protein concentrations were measured using the Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). After boiling for 5 min in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, samples containing 50 mg of tissue lysates were separated on 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and then transferred onto equilibrated Hybond PVDF membranes (Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, UK). After skim milk blocking, the membranes were then incubated with the mPGES-1 polyclonal antibody (at a dilution of 1:500). Bound antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-goat IgG (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL, USA) using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (ECL kit; Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, UK).

Analysis of the risk factors for HCC recurrence after curative resection

The following clinicopathological factors were evaluated for their association with HCC recurrence: age, gender, presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or anti-hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV Ab), platelet count, preoperative blood chemistry (serum levels of total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and albumin), presence of liver cirrhosis, and mPGES-1 expression. The evaluated operative factors included the intraoperative blood loss and the hepatectomy method. The tumor factors were the greatest tumor diameter, the number of tumor nodules, the presence of vascular invasion, the presence of capsular formation, the histological grade, and the serum levels of AFP and DCP. The hepatectomy method was classified as anatomical or non-anatomical resection according to the methods described by Makuuchi et al[15] and Takayama et al[16]. The anatomic resection consisted of the systematic removal of the hepatic segment which is confined by the tumor-bearing portal tributaries. In the non-anatomic resection, the liver was divided along a line so as to secure a surgical margin of at least 5 mm, if possible.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using either Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare variables between the groups. A recurrence-free survival curve was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. A statistical comparison of the recurrence-free survival was performed using the log-rank test. A multivariate analysis by the Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the StatView for Windows software program (version 5.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

RESULTS

Characteristics of the patients

There were 42 male (65.6%) and 22 female (34.4%) patients. The mean age was 64 years (range, 38-86 years). Twenty-one patients were positive for HBsAg, 32 were positive for anti-HCV Ab, and 11 were negative for both. Thirty-one patients had a cirrhotic liver, while 33 did not. The maximum tumor size was 12 cm, and 57 patients (89.1%) had a solitary tumor. More than 90% of the patients enrolled in the study had a Child-Pugh classification of A for liver function. Fifty percent of the patients had a tumor size > 3 cm. In the pathological differentiation, HCC was well differentiated in 18 patients, moderately differentiated in 40, and poorly differentiated in 6. The median observation period was 49 mo (range, 3-74 mo).

Immunohistochemical analysis of mPGES-1 protein

The expression of mPGES-1 protein in the HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues was examined immunohistochemically. Various degrees of staining for mPGES-1 protein were observed. The scores for mPGES-1 expression in the HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues are summarized in Table 1. The marked expression of mPGES-1 was demonstrated in well differentiated as well as in moderately differentiated HCC tissues (scores; 5.1 ± 2.7 and 5.1 ± 1.7, respectively). Conversely, mPGES-1 expression was significantly weaker in poorly differentiated HCC tissues (score; 3.0 ± 1.8, P < 0.05). Seven of 18 cases (38.9%) with well differentiated HCC and 14 of 40 cases (35.0%) with moderately differentiated HCC had high expression scores, whereas none of the patients with poorly differentiated HCC had high expression scores.

Table 1.

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-cancerous liver tissue n (%)

	No. of cases	Patients with higher scores	Patients with lower scores	Scores (mean ± SD)	P
Hepatocellular carcinoma tissues
Well differentiated	18	7/18 (38.9)	11/18 (61.1)	5.1 ± 2.7	-
Moderately differentiated	40	14/40 (35.0)	26/40 (65.0)	5.1 ± 1.7	0.959a
Poorly differentiated	6	0	6/6 (100)	3.0 ± 1.8	0.009a
Non-cancerous liver tissues
Normal	2	1/2 (50.0)	1/2 (50.0)	3.3 ± 0.7	-
Chronic hepatitis	31	19/31 (61.3)	12/31 (38.7)	5.4 ± 1.9	0.006b
Cirrhosis	31	15/31 (48.4)	16/31 (51.6)	6.4 ± 1.6	0.002b, 0.039c
Normal livers from colorectal cancer	7	0	7/7 (100)	3.5 ± 0.5	-

^avs well differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas;

^bvs normal livers;

^cvs chronic hepatitis.

The mPGES-1 levels increased significantly with fibrotic stage of the liver tissues (scores; normal liver 3.3 ± 0.7, chronic hepatitic livers 5.4 ± 1.9, cirrhotic livers 6.4 ± 1.6). High expression scores were observed in 1 of 2 normal livers (50%), 19 of 31 chronic hepatitic livers (61.3%), and 15 of 31 cirrhotic livers (48.4%). There was no significant correlation between tumor differentiation and non-cancerous liver tissue in the expression of mPGES-1 (data not shown). Additionally, mPGES-1 expression in normal livers obtained from 7 patients with liver metastasis was lower than that in damaged livers (P < 0.05).

Western blotting analysis of mPGES-1

To confirm the specificity of the mPGES-1 antibody and the presence of mPGES-1 protein in the specimen, Western blotting analysis was performed on representative samples of HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues. Both tissue types yielded a single band with a molecular weight of 16 kDa, indicating the presence of mPGES-1 protein (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Western blotting analysis for microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. A band of 16 kDa in molecular weight, thus indicating the presence of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) protein, is identified in both hepatocellular carcinoma tumors (H) and non-cancerous liver (NC) tissues. MW: Molecular weight.

Correlation between the levels of mPGES-1 expression and recurrence-free survival time

We evaluated the correlation between the levels of mPGES-1 expression in HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues and recurrence-free survival time. No statistically significant difference was observed in the recurrence-free survival time between the higher and lower expression groups in HCC tissues (Figure 3A). In contrast, a statistically significant difference in the recurrence-free survival time was observed between the higher and lower expression groups in non-cancerous liver tissues (P = 0.006, Figure 3B).

Figure 3.

Recurrence-free survival time based on microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (A) and non-cancerous liver tissues (B). The recurrence-free survival time is significantly shorter in patients with an increased expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in non-cancerous liver tissues.

Correlation between various clinicopathological parameters and recurrence-free survival time

Various clinicopathological parameters were evaluated for their association with HCC recurrence (Table 2). A univariate analysis revealed that recurrence-free survival time was shorter in cases with vascular invasion, higher mPGES-1 levels in non-cancerous liver tissue, a larger tumor diameter (≥ 5 cm), and lower levels of serum albumin (< 37 g/L). The operative factors were not significantly correlated with recurrence-free survival time. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of vascular invasion and higher mPGES-1 levels in the non-cancerous liver tissue were significant independent predictors for the early recurrence of HCC after curative hepatectomy (Table 3).

Table 2.

Univariate analysis of clinicopathological features related to postoperative recurrence

	No. of patients	Postoperative recurrence		P
		Yes	No
Age (yr)
≥ 60	45	23	22	0.733
< 60	19	9	10
Gender
Male	43	20	23	0.481
Female	21	12	9
Hepatitis B surface antigen
Positive	21	13	8	0.147
Negative	43	19	24
Hepatitis C virus antibody
Positive	32	12	20	0.151
Negative	32	20	12
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
≥ 1.0	29	7	22	0.987
< 1.0	35	13	22
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)
≥ 50	26	11	15	0.635
< 50	38	21	17
Albumin (g/dL)
≥ 3.7	49	24	25	0.022
< 3.7	15	13	2
Platelets (104/μL)
≥ 10	46	21	25	0.465
< 10	18	11	7
Liver cirrhosis
Present	31	16	15	0.772
Absent	33	16	17
T mPGES-1
High	21	12	9	0.925
Low	43	25	18
NC mPGES-1
High	35	23	11	0.006
Low	29	9	21
Hepatectomy
Anatomic	31	21	10	0.149
Non-anatomic	33	16	17
Operative blood loss (mL)
≥ 500	15	12	3	0.091
< 500	49	25	24
α-fetoprotein (ng/mL)
≥ 100	15	10	5	0.347
< 100	49	27	22
DCP (mAU/mL)
≥ 400	22	15	7	0.081
< 400	42	19	23
Tumor diameter (cm)
≥ 5	16	12	3	0.018
< 5	48	20	29
Tumor number
Multiple	7	3	4	0.789
Solitary	57	29	28
Histological grade
Well	18	8	10	0.495
Moderate	40	21	19
Poor	6	3	3
Capsular formation
Present	49	25	24	0.320
Absent	5	7	8
Vascular invasion
Present	16	11	5	< 0.001
Absent	48	9	39

DCP: Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin; mPGES-1: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1; T mPGES-1: mPGES-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tumor tissue; NC mPGES-1: mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissue.

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of the risk factors for postoperative recurrence

Variables	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P
Vascular invasion (present)	4.116	1.813-9.344	< 0.001
NC mPGES-1 expression (high)	4.074	1.760-9.428	0.001
Tumor diameter (≥ 5 cm)	2.060	0.860-4.935	0.105
Albumin (< 3.7 g/dL)	1.745	0.589-3.165	0.315

NC mPGES-1: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression in non-cancerous liver.

DISCUSSION

The present study demonstrated that the rate of HCC recurrence was high after curative resection. This finding was consistent with those described in other recent reports[1-6]. Tumor recurrence is caused by metastatic lesions, residual microscopic lesions that remain after curative resection, or multicentric occurrence in the setting of hepatitis or cirrhosis[17,18]. The prevention of tumor recurrence is key to the improvement of prognosis for HCC patients after a hepatectomy[19]. In the present study, a multivariate analysis indicated that the two independent predictors for HCC recurrence after curative resection were the presence of vascular invasion and increased mPGES-1 expression in the non-cancerous liver tissue.

Vascular invasion is a well-known risk factor for a poor prognosis after curative resection. The presence of vascular invasion is considered one of the strongest predictors of intrahepatic metastasis caused by the spread of cancer cells via the portal venous system[17-19]. Although several reports have demonstrated that postoperative adjuvant therapy prevented postoperative HCC recurrence[20,21], its efficacy has yet to be determined. Other therapeutic modalities for treating postoperative recurrence are urgently needed.

The most interesting finding in the present study was that increased mPGES-1 expression in the non-cancerous liver tissue was an independent predictor for early HCC recurrence after curative resection. Increased mPGES-1 levels induce PGE₂ synthesis, which may create a suitable environment for occult intrahepatic metastases to survive and spread after hepatectomy. This hypothesis is supported by several studies showing that PGE₂ was implicated in migration, secretion of various types of matrix metallo-proteinases, and cell adhesion in HCC cells[22-24]. Additionally, increased PGE₂ levels in the non-cancerous liver tissue leads to prolonged acceleration of necroinflammation and regeneration in the remnant liver[25]. The inflamed liver may also provide a good environment for occult intrahepatic metastases to grow in response to different growth factors[26]. In the present study, active hepatitic and/or cirrhotic livers had increased mPGES-1 expression compared to normal livers. The repeated cycles of necroinflammation, degeneration, and regeneration increase hepatocyte turnover, which facilitates spontaneous mutation and may hinder DNA repair[26]. The release of reactive oxygen species including superoxide and H₂O₂ in this situation may also contribute to uncontrolled cell growth, apoptosis, and senescence[27]. Another possible mechanism is that mPGES-1 itself may act as a landscaping tumor promoter. mPGES-1 lies downstream of the PGE₂-biosynthetic pathway of COX-2. Recent studies reported that mPGES-1 was expressed in several cancers and was linked to carcinogenesis[12,28]. mPGES-1 derived from the stromal component may promote tumor growth by producing bioactive PGE₂, which acts angiogenetically or immunosuppressively, and affects carcinoma cells in a paracrine fashion[12,28]. Therefore, the increased expression of mPGES-1 in the non-cancerous liver tissue may create conditions suitable for HCC recurrence from metastasis or multicentric occurrence. However, the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

The mPGES-1 expression in HCC tissues did not correlate well with postoperative recurrence. This finding suggested that the mPGES-1 in HCC tissues per se did not determine the malignant potential of HCC tissues, although overexpression of mPGES-1 was associated with various types of cancer[12,13].

The data indicate that COX-2 inhibitors are chemopreventive for several kinds of cancers[29], however, there have been no reports on HCC patients. Although the COX-2 inhibitors have a reduced gastrointestinal toxicity in comparison to traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, some adverse effects have been reported[30]. From this standpoint, more selective inhibition of the prostanoid pathway to PGE₂ is thus highly desirable. mPGES-1 is the terminal enzyme for PGE₂ biosynthesis, and thus it is considered the most selective agent for that pathway. Although there have been several reports concerning the selective inhibitors of mPGES-1[31,32], further studies are still needed in clinical settings.

In conclusion, increased mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissue is closely associated with the early recurrence of HCC after curative resection. The present study also indicates that an inhibitor of mPGES-1 may be a new therapeutic option to improve the survival rate of HCC patients after curative resection.

COMMENTS

Background

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is the terminal enzyme in the formation of prostaglandin E₂ from prostaglandin H₂. Data indicate that increased expression of mPGES-1 is associated with various types of cancers. However, the impact of mPGES-1 expression on the clinical course of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been elucidated.

Research frontiers

In HCC, tumor recurrence is caused by metastatic lesions, residual microscopic lesions that remain even after curative resection, and multicentric occurrence in the setting of hepatitis or cirrhosis. The research was performed to clarify the risk factors for the recurrence of HCC after curative resection in Nagasaki Medical Center.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The present study demonstrates that various degrees of mPGES-1 expression occur in HCC and non-cancerous liver tissues. This is the first report to demonstrate that increased expression of mPGES-1 in non-cancerous liver tissue is an independent predictor for HCC recurrence after curative resection.

Applications

mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissue could be a useful biomarker for screening high risk groups of patients with HCC after curative resection. In the near future, a selective mPGES-1 inhibitor may prevent postoperative recurrence of HCC and improve the prognosis of HCC patients.

Terminology

mPGES-1 is a protein belonging to the membrane-associated proteins involved in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism super family. mPGES-1 is induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli, down-regulated by anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids, and functionally coupled with cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, mPGES-1 plays a central role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E₂.

Peer review

The paper reported that increase in mPGES-1 in non-cancerous liver was an independent prognostic factor in patients received surgical therapy to HCC. Although the results might be of importance, several questions are addressed, and several points to be improved are suggested.