Table 4.
Liver-derived metabolites identified and quantified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy
| Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver metabolite | Saline | Insulin | Saline | Insulin | Significant ANOVA effects |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 162 ± 29.0 | 85.3 ± 38.8 | 130 ± 10.7 | 111 ± 15.7 | |
| Acetoacetate | 12.2 ± 3.7 | 7.3 ± 3.5 | 13.7 ± 2.4 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | |
| Alanine | 7.0 ± 2.6 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | Insulin P < 0.05 |
| Choline | 7.6 ± 5.2 | 23 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | |
| Formate | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.2a | Insulin P < 0.05 |
| Glucose | 459 ± 96.1e, f | 48.8 ± 15.8e | 146 ± 66.4f | 27.4 ± 14.9a | Interaction P < 0.05 |
| Glutamate | 25.3 ± 6.2a | 5.7 ± 1.3a | 17.7 ± 2.9 | 14.7 ± 3.7 | Insulin P < 0.05 |
| Glutamine | 41.7 ± 26.5 | lowd | 19.1 ± 3.7 | low | Insuling P < 0.01 |
| Glycerol | 13.9 ± 7.0 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | |
| Glycine | 12.8 ± 5.1 | 6.8 ± 3.3 | 10.5 ± 2.4 | 8.1 ± 1.7 | |
| Histidine | low | low | 2.6 ± 1.1b | low | Insuling P < 0.05 |
| Isoleucine | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.4a | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | |
| Lactate | 94.6 ± 20.2e, f | 19.5 ± 2.2e | 33.0 ± 10.1f | 27.1 ± 8.5 | Interaction P < 0.05 |
| Leucine | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 2.0a | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 7.6 ± 1.3 | |
| Phenylalanine | 2.6 ± 0.5a | low | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.6b | |
| Propionate | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 0.8a | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 4.6 ± 1.3a | Insulin P < 0.05 |
| Serine | 11.6 ± 5.2 | 3.2 ± 1.1b | 8.7 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 3.2 | |
| Succinate | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.5a | 0.8 ± 0.2 | |
| Tyrosine | low | Low | 0.9 ± 0.3c | 1.6 ± 0.5c | |
| Uridine | low | low | ND | ND | Sexg P < 0.05 |
| Valine | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | |
Liver perfusates, generated from 12h-fasted male and female rats treated with saline or insulin (s.c.), were anylsed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The data represent measured concentrations (μM) of analytes and are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4) together with results of statistical analysis.
a 1 measurement below limit of reliable quantification, still used in calculations
b 2 measurements below limit of reliable quantification, still used in calculations
c Not detectable in one sample imputed by lowest detected/2
d Low indicates not calculated due to multiple low or ND samples
e Male Saline vs Male Insulin, Fisher's LSD, P < 0.001
f Male Saline vs Female Saline, Fisher's LSD, P < 0.01
g Evaluated with Friedman's test