Table 3.
Plasma carotenoids (nmol/L) and biomarkers of carotenoid-rich dietary items
| Control group (n = 10) | Antioxidant-rich diet group (n = 10) | Kiwifruit group (n = 9) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | Pa | |||||||
| Lutein | 0.13 | (0.08-0.18) | 0.00 | (-0.03-0.04) | 0.14 | (0.11-0.20) | 0.05 | (0.00-0.12) | 0.14 | (0.08-0.22) | 0.05 | (-0.02-0.07) | 0.07b |
| Zeaxanthin | 0.03 | (0.02-0.04) | 0.00 | (-0.01-0.01) | 0.04 | (0.02-0.06) | -0.01 | (-0.03-0.00) | 0.03 | (0.02-0.05) | 0.00 | (-0.01-0.01) | 0.03c |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 0.07 | (0.03-0.16) | 0.00 | (-0.03-0.01) | 0.12 | (0.06-0.23) | -0.05 | (-0.13-0.01) | 0.08 | (0.06-0.12) | -0.03 | (-0.04-0.00) | 0.10 |
| α-carotene | 0.06 | (0.03-0.09) | -0.01 | (-0.04-0.00) | 0.03 | (0.02-0.11) | 0.07 | (0.00-0.18) | 0.07 | (0.06-0.08) | -0.01 | (-0.02-0.04) | 0.01c |
| β-carotene | 0.26 | (0.22-0.38) | -0.04 | (-0.26-0.05) | 0.16 | (0.11-0.66) | 0.08 | (-0.01-0.17) | 0.36 | (0.13-0.52) | -0.05 | (-0.11-0.07) | 0.02c |
| Lycopene | 0.50 | (0.20-0.71) | -0.01 | (-0.12-0.34) | 0.58 | (0.30-0.88) | -0.10 | (-0.41-0.14) | 0.57 | (0.41-0.68) | 0.04 | (-0.04-0.30) | 0.11 |
Group median with 95% confidence interval.
aKruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the changes between the groups. A Mann-Whitney test was used as post hoc test.
bChange during intervention is significantly different between the kiwifruit group and controls.
cSignificant difference between the antioxidant-rich diet group and controls. Baseline values were not significantly different between the groups (P values not shown).