. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 16.

Published in final edited form as: J Hepatol. 2009 May 27;51(4):715–724. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.023

Table 1.

Clavien classification of surgical complications.

Grades	Definitions
I	Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgetics, diuretics, electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside
II	Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications; blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included
III	Requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention Intervention not under general anesthesia Intervention under general anesthesia
IV	Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications)^a requiring IC/ICU management Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis) Multiorgan dysfunction
V	Death of a patient

CNS, central nervous system; IC, intermediate care; ICU, intensive care unit.

Brain hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, subarrachnoidal bleeding, but excluding transient ischemic attacks.