Table 1.

Cardiac and energetic phenotypes of transgenic and knockout mouse models.

Transcription Factor or coactivator	Gain-of-function cardiac phenotype	Loss-of-function cardiac phenotype	References
PPARα	⇑FAO, lipotoxicity, HF- induced CM, ⇓-tolerance to I/R	Mild. Resistance to I/R, ⇓work capacity	83-87, 192
PPARβ/δ	⇑glucose utilization, resistance to I/R, ⇑glycogen content	⇓FAO, lipotoxic CM, early lethality	81, 89, 90
PPARγ	Lipotoxic CM	Cardiac hypertrophy	91, 92
ERRα	ND	⇓respiratory efficiency, ⇓PCr, TAC-induced CM	154
ERRγ	ND	Perinatal lethality	68, 69
TFAM	Protects from MI induced heart failure	Spontaneous CM	77-79
PGC-1α	⇑mitochondrial proliferation, reversible CM	Energy deficiency (⇓ATP, ⇓PCr), TAC-induced CM, ⇓work capacity	16, 49, 52, 153, 157
PGC-1β	ND	Mild energy deficiency, Perinatal lethality and mitochondrial dysfunction when combined with PGC- 1α KO	163-165