Table 2.

Examples of syntactic query reformulation

Syntactic Query Reformulation	Explanation
Change capitalization	Change capitalization of the words in a query, for example, change “IVF” to “ivf”
Change word order	Change the way words are ordered in a query, for example, “asthma diagnosis” to “diagnosis asthma”
Change conjunction	Remove, add, replace, or reorder conjunctive terms used in a query, such as “AND,” “OR,” or ”NOT”
Change spacing	Split, group, or merge words in a query by using punctuation symbols, for example, by using quotation marks to group words together to form a term or by transforming keywords, such as “heart-attack” to “heart attack”
Change typographic	Change stems, plurals, or spelling variations of words, for example, changing “run” to “running,” “apple” to “apples,” or “behavior” to “behaviour”