Table 1.
Antagonism of PKR and ADAR1 Functions by RNA and DNA Virus Gene Products
| Evasion strategy | Virus | Gene product | Referencea |
|---|---|---|---|
| PKR | |||
| RNA binding and sequestration | Vaccinia virus | E3L | Chang and others 1992 |
| Reovirus | σ3 | Imani and Jacobs 1988 | |
| Influenza virus | NS1 | Bergmann and others 2000; Dauber and others 2006 | |
| Rotavirus | NSP3, NSP5? | Langland and others 1994 | |
| Herpes simplex 1 | Us11 | Poppers and others 2000; Khoo and others 2002 | |
| Epstein-Barr virus | SM | Poppers and others 2003 | |
| Ebola virus | VP35 | Feng and others 2007 | |
| PKR: viral protein interaction | Hepatitis C virus | NS5A, E2 | Gale and others 1998; Taylor and others 1999 |
| Influenza virus | P58IPK | Melville and others 1999; Goodman and others 2007 | |
| Vaccinia virus | E3L | Romano and others 1998; Sharp and others 1998 | |
| Herpes simplex 1 | Us11 | Cassady and Gross 2002 | |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | vIRF-2 | Burysek and Pitha 2001 | |
| Inhibitor RNA | Adenovirus | VA | Mathews and Shenk 1991 |
| Epstein Barr | EBER | Sharp and others 1993 | |
| Hepatitis C virus | IRES | Vyas and others 2003 | |
| Pseudosubstrate | Vaccinia virus | K3L | Carroll and others 1993 |
| Swinepox virus | C8L | Kawagishi-Kobayashi and others 2000 | |
| Ranavirus | eIF2a | Essbauer and others 2001 | |
| eIF2-αP phosphatase activation | Herpes simplex 1 | γ34.5/PP1α | He and others 1997 |
| Human papilloma | E6/Gadd34/PP1α | Kazemi and others 2004 | |
| Inhibition of activator | Measles virus | C protein | Toth and others 2009 |
| RNA production | Sendai virus | C protein | Takeuchi and others 2008 |
| Simian virus 5 | P/V protein | Gainey and others 2008 | |
| Alteration of PKR subcellular localization | Human papilloma | E6 and E7 | Hebner and others 2006 |
| Human CMV | TRS1 and IRS1 | Hakki and others 2006 | |
| Mouse CMV | m142, m143 | Child and Geballe 2009; Budt and others 2009 | |
| PKR degradation | Poliovirus | Cellular caspase? | Black and others 1989, 1993 |
| Rift Valley FV | NSs | Habjan and others 2009; Ikegami and others 2009 | |
| ADAR1 | |||
| RNA binding and sequestration | Vaccinia virus | E3L | Liu and others 2001 |
| Betanodavirus | B2 | Fenner and others 2006 | |
| Inhibitor RNA | Adenovirus | VA | Lei and others 1998 |
a
See text for additional references.
Abbreviations: ADAR1, adenosine deaminase acting on RNA; CMV, cytomegalovirus; FV, fever virus; PKR, protein kinase regulated by RNA.