Table 2.

Some notable therapeutic interventions which have been used (with variable success) to mitigate I/R injury in acute MI and CABG

Acute MI Anti-inflammatory ○ Inhibition of leukocyte accumulation, e.g. anti-CD11/CD18125 ○ Complement inhibition, e.g. pexelizumab126 Increasing local adenosine concentrations ○ Systemic infusions69 ○ Intracoronary bolus dose70,71 Inhibition of mPTP ○ Cyclosporine85 Ischemic post-conditioning ○ Repetitive balloon inflations79-81 Nitric oxide metabolism ○ Nitroprusside72-75 Prevention of intracellular calcium overload ○ Inhibition of Na+-H+ exchange, e.g. cariporide,112 eniporide127 ○ Calcium channel blockers128-130 Reducing ROS ○ Inhibition of xanthine oxidase, e.g. allopurinol131 Vasodilation ○ Potassium-channel opening, e.g. nicorandil132

Cardiac Surgery Metabolic additives in cardioplegic solutions ○ Pyruvate91 ○ Amino acids92,93 Ischemic pre-conditioning ○ Remote pre-conditioning124 ○ Repetitive aortic cross-clamping94 Volatile anesthetics101-103 Anti-inflammatory ○ Leukocyte filters95-97 ○ Steroids98-100 ○ Complement inhibition104,105 Prevention of intracellular calcium-overload ○ Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (MC-1) 110,111 ○ Calcium-channel blockers133-135 ○ Inhibition of Na+-H+ exchange, e.g. cariporide113,114 Increase local adenosine levels ○ Acadesine118-122