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| Before–After Study (First Author Name) | Prospective Design | Control Group | Response Rate >80% | Confounders Controlled | Selection Bias Minimized |
| Hemminki [25] | No | Yes | No (68%) | No | Yes |
| Schwartz [27] | No | Yes | Unsure | No | Unsure |
| Kazmierczak [59] | No | No | NA | No | Yes |
| Orlowski [28] | No | No | Yes (100%) | Yes | No |
| Bowman [60] | Yes | No | No (43%–77%) | No | No |
