Table 4. Quality appraisal of included studies: before–after studies.
Before–After Study (First Author Name) | Prospective Design | Control Group | Response Rate >80% | Confounders Controlled | Selection Bias Minimized |
Hemminki [25] | No | Yes | No (68%) | No | Yes |
Schwartz [27] | No | Yes | Unsure | No | Unsure |
Kazmierczak [59] | No | No | NA | No | Yes |
Orlowski [28] | No | No | Yes (100%) | Yes | No |
Bowman [60] | Yes | No | No (43%–77%) | No | No |