Table 1.

Genes regulating senescence induction in cancer cells^*

Mechanism and gene	Function	p53 Dependent†	p53 Independent†	Reference
Mitotic and stress signaling
Raf1	Mitogenic/stress signaling	+		(26)
MAP2K6/p38	Mitogenic/stress signaling	+		(27)
Aurora kinase A	Mitogenic signaling		+	(28)
PTEN	Oncogenic stress signaling	+		(29)
SKP2	Mitogenic/stress signaling			(30)
Major tumor suppressors
p53	Transcription factor		+	(31)
p63	Transcription factor		+	(32)
p73	Transcription factor		+	(32)
Rb	Transcription regulator		+	(33)
CDKIs
p21Waf1/Cip1	Kinase inhibitor		+	(34)
p16Ink4a	Kinase inhibitor		+	(35)
p57Kip2	Kinase inhibitor			(36)
p15Ink4b	Kinase inhibitor			(37)
Mitochondrial integrity and function
OPA1	Mitochondrial membrane structure	+		(38)
Proinflammatory signaling
IL-6/CXCR2	Cytokine/receptor	+		(39)
IGFBP-rP1	Cytokine/IGF signaling, modulators			(40)
IGFBP7		+	+	(41)

^*CXCR2 = chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2; IL-6 = interleukin 6; IGFBP-rP1= insulinlike growth factor–binding protein-related protein 1; IGFBP7 = insulinlike growth factor–binding protein 7; MAP2K6 = mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6; OPA1= optic atrophy 1; p38 = mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; p21^Waf1/Cip1 = CDKN1A/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; p16^Ink4a = CDKN2A/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a; p57^Kip2 = cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C; p15^Ink4b = cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B; PTEN = phosphatase and tensin homolog; Raf1 = raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1; Rb = retinoblastoma protein; Skp2 = S-phase kinase-associated protein 2.

^†Senescence-inducing activity shown to be dependent or independent of intact p53 function, denoted by (+). Blank means undetermined.