Table 2.
Drugs that induce senescence in cancer cell lines and tumors*
| Agent | p53 status† | Mechanism | In vitro‡ | In vivo§ | Reference |
| Aphidocolin | + | DNA polymerase inhibitor | + | (9) | |
| Bleomycin | + | DNA damage | + | (64) | |
| Camptothecin | +/− | DNA damage | + | (65) | |
| Carboplatin + docetaxel | +/− | DNA damage | + | Human lung tumors | (18) |
| Cisplatin | +/− | DNA damage | + | (9) | |
| Cyclophosphamide + doxorubicin + 5-Fluorouracil | DNA damage | Human breast tumors | (19) | ||
| Diaziquone/AZQ | +/− | DNA damage | + | Prostate xenograft tumors | (13) |
| Doxorubicin | +/− | DNA damage | + | (9) | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | + | Telomerase inhibition | + | (66) | |
| Etoposide | +/− | DNA damage | + | (9) | |
| Gamma irradiation | +/− | DNA damage | + | + | (10) |
| Hydroxyurea | + | ROS | + | (67) | |
| K858 | +/− | KIF11 | + | Xenografts tumors | (68) |
| Lovastatin | − | HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor | + | (69) | |
| Mitoxantrone | +/− | DNA damage | + | Human prostate tumors | (70) |
| MLN4924 | −/+ | Cul1 SCF subunit inhibitor | + | Prostate xenografts tumors | |
| MLN8054 | + | Aurora kinase A inhibitor | + | Colon xenograft tumors | (28) |
| Pyrithione | +/− | Zinc/calcium regulation, ROS | + | (13) | |
| Resveratrol | + | ROS | + | (71) | |
| Retinols | + | Differentiation | + | (9) | |
| TPA, PEP005, PEP008 | + | PKC activating | + | (59,60) | |
| VO-OHpic | + | PTEN | + | Prostate xenograft tumors | (29) |
Cul1= cullin 1; HMG-Co-A reductase = 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase; KIF11 = kinesin family member 11; PKC = protein kinase C; PTEN = phosphatase and tensin homolog; ROS = reactive oxygen species; SCF = Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex.
p53 status of cells in which the drug induces senescence. (+) denotes active p53 in cancer cells in which the drug induces senescence, whereas (−) denotes senescence induction by the drug in cancer cells in which p53 is deleted or mutated.
Senescence-inducing activity of drug in cancer cells in vitro; (+) denotes induction of senescence in vitro, whereas an empty cell denotes that results were not determined.
Senescence-inducing activity of drug in vivo in patients or tumor models. An empty cell denotes that results are not determined; (+) denotes senescence induction in various in vivo tumor models.