Figure 2. Relating individual performance in unlike memory tasks under free-flight and restrained conditions.

(A) Artificial swarm with foragers attracted to a queen. The queen is caged and attached to an iron cross. Swarms, as shown here, were produced prior to moving entire colonies to a new location within an arena of four similar hive boxes (B). Spatial extinction was tested in three separate arenas with four hive boxes. One arena is exemplified here. Colony translocations (white arrow) were used to test the ability of aged bees to extinguish the spatial memory of a previous hive location. (C) Paint marks were applied to track individual foraging age and colony source. (D) In the laboratory, differences in acquisition of olfactory memory were quantified by monitoring the proboscis extension response (PER, black arrow) to the CS (odor, white arrow) during a sequence of 6 CS-US pairings. (e3 and e6 refer to events illustrated in Fig. 3).