Table 1.

Chemical and physical properties of the NPs used.

NP type	Elements	Weight (%)	Diameter (REM, nm)	Average hydrodynamic diameter (nm)	Zeta potential (mV)	Surface area (m2/g)
CB	C	88.6	55	575.2	−14.5 mV	123.0 ± 0.01
	O	10.8
	S	0.65
Fe2O3	Fe	78.7	< 100	50	−28.68 mV	34.39 ± 0.17
	O	21.3
TiO2	Ti	56	< 100	91	+48.8 mV	49.71 ± 0.19
	O	41
	C	3

S, sulfur.