Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics.

Variable	Patients with Major Depressive Disorder			Healthy Subjects (N=91)
	Medication-free (N=50)	Hypnotics (N=50)	Total (N=100)
Age, years	41.5 ± 12.9	44.2 ± 10.0	42.9 ± 10.7	42.1 ± 12.6
Gender, Male/Female	23/37	14/36	37/63	34/57
Type of benzodiazepine used
Short-acting, N (%)		32 (64)	32 (32)
Intermediate, N (%)	N/A	25 (50)	25 (25)	N/A
Long-acting, N (%)		24 (48)	24 (24)
Beck Depression Inventory	20.7 ± 14.9*	33.3 ± 14.1*	27.2 ± 15.7*	6.1 ± 6.6
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17 items	14.3 ± 8.1*	16.8 ± 7.9*	15.6 ± 8.1*	1.7 ± 2.6
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index	11.8 ± 4.0*	14.0 ± 3.6*	13.0 ± 4.0*	4.7 ± 2.9
Epworth Sleepiness Scale	9.1 ± 5.9	7.2 ± 6.5	8.1 ± 6.3	9.1 ± 5.1
Insomnia score derived from Beck Depression Inventory (item #16)	1.5 ± 1.1*	2.0 ± 0.9*	1.8 ± 1.1*	0.4 ± 0.7
Insomnia score derived from Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (item #4–6)	3.0 ± 1.8*	3.3 ± 2.0*	3.1 ± 1.9*	0.4 ± 0.8

N/A: not applicable.

Data represent mean ± 1 standard deviation unless otherwise noted.

Asterisk indicates statistical significance (p<0.05) compared with healthy controls.