TABLE 3.

Adjusted Odds Ratios of Asthma, Abdominal Pain, and Headaches

	Asthma OR (95% CI)	Abdominal Pain OR (95% CI)	Headaches OR (95% CI)
Female gender	0.69 (0.54, 0.88)**	1.18 (0.85, 1.63)	1.17 (0.90, 1.52)
Age	0.94 (0.90, 0.98)**	1.10 (1.03, 1.17)**	1.18 (1.11, 1.26)***
Children's internalizing disorders
Any child depressive disorder	2.16 (0.93, 5.0)	4.93 (2.03, 11.94)***	3.85 (1.56, 9.48)**
Any child anxiety disorder	2.44 (1.65, 3.61)***	3.33 (1.92, 5.79)***	3.12 (1.71, 5.66)***
Parent factors
Any parental psychopathology	1.43 (1.12, 1.83)**	1.69 (1.22, 2.33)**	1.74 (1.34, 2.25)***
Parental monitoring (parent report)	1.02 (0.98, 1.06)	0.91 (0.85, 0.97)**	0.99 (0.94, 1.03)
Parental monitoring (child report)	1.00 (0.97, 1.04)	0.98 (0.95, 1.02)	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)
Coercive discipline (parent report)	0.97 (0.79, 1.18)	1.30 (0.98, 1.73)	1.45 (1.14, 1.85)**
Coercive discipline (child report)	1.27 (1.04, 1.54)*	1.09 (0.86, 1.39)	1.14 (0.86, 1.51)
Maternal acceptance (parent report)	0.77 (0.55, 1.10)	0.63 (0.42, 0.93)*	0.46 (0.30, 0.68)***
Cultural factor
Acculturative stress (parent report)	2.02 (1.08, 3.77)*	3.36 (1.33, 8.46)*	2.39 (1.07, 5.32)*
Family factors
Good family functioning (parent)	0.97 (0.94, 1.01)	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)*	0.94 (0.90, 0.98)**
Parent-child interaction (child)	0.99 (0.58, 1.71)	1.36 (0.61, 3.03)	0.74 (0.36, 1.53)
Lifetime neglect (child report)	1.35 (0.91, 2.01)	1.51 (0.97, 2.36)	1.15 (0.72, 1.85)
Lifetime physical abuse (child)	1.10 (0.78, 1.54)	1.29 (0.89, 1.89)	1.14 (0.77, 1.69)
Verbal/psychological abuse (child)	0.85 (0.63, 1.15)	1.06 (0.71, 1.59)	1.24 (0.86, 1.78)

Odds ratios are adjusted for study site, child's age, child's gender, and propensity score (estimated using maternal education, maternal age, and household income). Unadjusted odds ratios are reported for gender and age.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.