Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristic | Controls | T1D patients | Siblings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) |
46 ± 12 |
46 ± 10 |
45 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
24 ± 3 |
25 ± 4 |
26 ± 5* |
| Office SBP (mmHg) |
117 ± 9 |
126 ± 14• |
118 ± 21 |
| Office DBP (mmHg) |
79 ± 4 |
79 ± 9 |
82 ± 12 |
| Never smoker/smoker/ex |
14/6/5 |
11/4/5 |
13/2/5 |
| Deep Breathing (E:I) |
1.36 ± 0.14 |
1.33 ± 0.12 |
1.36 ± 0.17 |
| Lying to Standing (30:15) |
1.42 ± 0.39 |
1.20 ± 0.14* |
1.45 ± 0.28‡ |
| Valsalva ratio |
2.07 ± 0.70 |
1.68 ± 0.33* |
1.95 ± 0.46† |
| Standing ΔSBP | [-5, -20 +10] | [-10, -45 +10] | [-8, -30 +10] |
Data are mean ± SD or [median, range]. *p < 0.05, •p < 0.01, ¶p < 0.001 comparing T1D or their siblings vs. normal control subjects; †p < 0.05, ‡p < 0.01, #p < 0.001 comparing siblings vs. T1D.
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Standing ΔSBP, orthostatic fall in SBP.