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. 2009 Oct;31(10):1080–1090. doi: 10.1002/bies.200900043

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Illustration of some processes of network evolution. These processes range from A: the purely graph-theoretical concept of preferential attachment,13 via increasingly biologically motivated concepts of B: node duplication, C: re-wiring, D: node loss, E: sub-functionalization and F: neo-functionalization, to G: network duplication, analogous to a whole-genome duplication event.