Table 2.

The interaction of viruses with mouse and human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in different model systems.

TLR	Virus	Macromolecule detected	Model system used	Reference
TLR1 human	HCMV	Envelope proteins B and H	HEK-293s	[26]
TLR2 murine	HSV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[17]
	VACV	Unknown	Murine Ly6Chi monocytes	[24]
	VACV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[23]
	LCMV	Unknown	Murine glia	[18]
	RSV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[22]
TLR2 human	HCV	Core protein, NS3	Human monocytes and murine macrophages	[25]
	EBV	Unknown	Human monocytes	[19]
	HCMV	Envelope proteins B and H	HEK-293s, human fibroblasts	[21,26]
TLR3 murine	VACV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[37]
	PTV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[36]
	IAV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[38]
	WNV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[39,40,62]
TLR3 human	VACV	Unknown	Human keratinocytes	[94]
	HSV	Unknown	Human polymorphisms	[43]
	EBV	dsRNA	Human PBMCs and lymphocytes	[44]
TLR4 murine	RSV	Fusion F protein	Knock-out mice	[45]
	VACV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[21,47]
TLR4 human	RSV	Unknown	Human polymorphisms	[52]
	VACV	Unknown	Human keratinocytes	[94]
	EBOV	Glycoprotein	THP1 cells	[49]
	HIV	Unknown	Primary human microglia	[50]
	HIV	Unknown	Human polymorphisms	[51]
	HBV	Unknown	Primary human monocytes	[53]
TLR6 murine	RSV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[22]
TLR7 murine	IAV	ssRNA	Knock-out mice	[54]
	HIV	ssRNA	Knock-out mice	[55]
	VSV	ssRNA	Knock-out mice	[56]
	WNV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[39,40,62]
TLR7 human	HIV	Unknown	Patient study	[63]
	HIV	Unknown	Human polymorphisms	[64]
	KSHV	Unknown	Latent infected primary effusion lymphoma cell lines	[92]
TLR8 human	HIV	ssRNA	HEK 293 cells	[55]
	KSHV	Unknown	Latent infected primary effusion lymphoma cell lines	[92]
TLR9 murine	HSV-1	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[67]
	MCMV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[66]
	ADV	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[69]
	Poxviruses	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[70]
	MHV-68	Unknown	Knock-out mice	[71]
	HIV	CpG	Transgenic mice	[80]
TLR9 human	HIV	Unknown	Human B cells	[72]
	HIV	CpG	Human B cells	[73]
	HIV	gp120	Human pDCs	[74]
	HIV	Unknown	Human polymorphisms	[75]
	HBV	Unknown	Human pDCs	[76]
	HCV	Unknown	Patient liver samples	[77]
	RSV	Unknown	Human pDCs	[78]

CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotide; HEK: human embryonic kidney; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; pDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cell.