Fig. 5.

Increased frequencies of human regulatory T cell (T_reg) cells in patients with bladder carcinoma compared with healthy donors. (a) One representative fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) picture from a normal control and a bladder carcinoma patient. (b) Statistical result of the proportion of T_reg cells among CD4⁺ T cells in bladder carcinoma patients (n = 20) and normal donors (n = 45). The horizontal lines represent the median values of the groups and asterisks show statistical significance (*P < 0·01). (c) Nearly all patients (n = 20) examined showed a relative enrichment of T_reg with respect to peripheral blood.