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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 25.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2008 Feb 29;102(4):401–414. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.165472

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction. Excess intake of nutrients, including overloaded FFAs or hyperglycemia conditions, increases ROS production and reduces mitochondrial biogenesis, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to decreased β-oxidation and ATP production and increased ROS production, resulting in insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.