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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 25.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Protoc. 2009 Jul 30;4(8):1230–1243. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2009.116

TABLE 1.

Troubleshooting table

Step Problem Possible reason Solution
25 Leakage of a small amount of inoculum
right after inoculation		 Bladder still contains a large amount
of urine		 Do not re-inoculate the mouse
Try to push out as much urine as possible
in Step 21 for other mice
Catheter was inserted into the vagina
rather than the urethra		 Carefully insert the catheter into urethra
and re-inoculate the mouse
33B(xiii) Fluorescent staining appeared dim or
not visible under microscope		 Tissue samples not stained well Increase the concentration of fluorescent
staining agents or staining time
Box 2, step (i) Pipette tips clogged with tissue pieces Tissues were not homogenized well Re-pipette and try to avoid picking up
tissue pieces
If problem persists, re-homogenize the
sample