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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychol. 2010 Aug 4;85(2):306–317. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.018

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for Cloninger’s personality scales.

Males Females
N Range Mean (SD) N Range Mean (SD)
Harm Avoidance 1721 0–18 6.1 (4.2) 3375 0–18 7.9 (4.3)
Novelty Seeking 1716 0–19g 8.5 (3.9) 3371 0–19 8.2 (3.7)
Reward Dependence 1721 0–12 6.7 (2.7) 3375 0–12 8.4 (2.4)
Persistence 1717 0–5 3.0 (1.5) 3365 0–5 2.9 (1.5)