Table 1.

Potential enzyme therapies for celiac disease.

Target for detoxification	Detoxifying agent	Mechanism of action	Status of research
Ingested gliadin peptides	Prolyl endopeptidases from:	Hydrolysis of proline-rich peptides of gliadin	Preclinical
	S. capsulate [49]
	F. meningosepticum [50]
	M. xanthus [51]
	Prolyl endopeptidases from: A. niger [52]		Clinical trial
	Prolyl endopeptidases from: S. capsulate in combination with a glutamine-specific endoprotease (EP)-B2 from germinating barley [53]		Clinical trial
Flour	Sourdough lactobacilli-derived peptidases [56]	Hydrolysis of proline-rich peptides of gliadin	Clinical trial
	Sourdough lactobacilli-derived peptidases in combination with fungal proteases [64]		Clinical trial
Flour	Transglutaminase enzymes [67]	Transamidation of gliadin peptides with lysine methyl ester	Preclinical
Mucosal tTG	Irreversible thiol-reactive reagents, competitive peptidic, and nonpeptidic substrates [69]	unspecific or specific tTG inhibition	Preclinical