Table 2.
Summary of the models used and of the major findings obtained by applying proteomic approaches to the study of the ageing skeletal muscle.
| Authors | Experimental model | Proteomic analysis | Identified affected pathways and major findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | |||
| Chang et al., 2003 [39] | 18-months-old C57B16 mice. Studied tissue: skeletal muscle. | Two-dimensional polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis. | Reproducibility of the 2-D PAGE system. |
| Rats | |||
| Cai et al., 2000 [35] | 12-, 18-, and 24-months-old rats.Studied tissue: extensor digitorum longus muscle and soleus muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | Analysis of aqueous proteins of skeletal muscle during aging. |
| Cai et al., 2001 [40] | 8-, 18-, and 24-months-old rats.Studied tissue: extensor digitorum longus muscle and soleus muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. | Analysis of parvalbumin expression in rat skeletal muscles. |
| Kanski et al., 2003 [31] | 4- and -24 months old Fisher 344 rats and -6 and -34 months old Fisher 344/BN F1 rats.Studied tissue: skeletal muscle. | 2-D gel electrophoresis, Western blot analysis, MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS/MS analysis. | Age-dependent nitration in muscle energy metabolism. |
| Piec et al., 2005 [36] | 7-, 18- and 30-months-old LOU/c/jall rats.Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-ToF MS analyses, and immunoblotting. | Myofibrillar regulatory proteins, signal transduction, cytosolic and mitochondrial energy metabolisms, oxidative stress, detoxification, and RNA metabolism. |
| Kanski et al., 2005 [32] | 34-months-old Fisher 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats.Studied tissue: skeletal muscle. | 2-D gel electrophoresis, Western Blot analysis, MALDI-TOF and NSI-MS/MS analysis. | Proteomic analysis of protein nitration. |
| Dencher et al., 2006 [41] | Studied tissue: skeletal muscle. | Blue-native/colorless-native gel electrophoresis, 2D-SDS-PAGE and MALDI MS. | Cellular dysfunction, ageing, and cellular death. |
| O'Connell et al., 2007 [37] | 3- and 30-months-old rat. Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-ToF, DALT-Twelve gel electrophoretic separation system, 2-D immunoblotting. | Proteomic profiling of senescent fibres: stress response, contractile apparatus, and metabolic regulation. |
| Altun et al., 2007 [29] | 4- and 30-months old rats.Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-ToF/ToF, MALDI-MS/MS, ESI-LC-MS/MS and Western Blot analysis. | Redox homeostasis, iron load, regulation of contractile proteins, glycolisis, and oxidative phosphorylation. |
| O'Connell et al., 2008 [33] | 3- and 30-months old rats. Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-ToF MS analysis. | Proteomic profiling of senescent fibers. |
| Gannon et al., 2008 [30] | 3- and -30-months old rats.Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-ToF MS analysis. | Phosphoproteomic analysis of aged skeletal muscle. |
| Feng et al., 2008 [42] | 12- and 26-months-old Fischer 344 rats.Studied tissue: soleus, semimembranosus, plantaris, extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis anterior muscles. | SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, μLC-ESI MS/MS analysis and Ingenuity Systems Analysis. | Carbonyl modifications, cellular function and maintenance, fatty acid metabolism, and citrate cycle. |
| Lombardi et al., 2009 [26] | 3- and 24-months-old rats.Studied tissue: gastrocnemius muscle. | Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Blue-Native PAGE, and MALDI-ToF MS analysis. | Energy metabolism, mitochondrial pathways, myofibrillar filaments, and detoxification. |
| Human | |||
| Cobon et al., 2002 [43] | 56–79 yr of age.Studied tissue: vastus lateralis muscle. | Two-dimensional polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS. | Human aged skeletal muscle protein profile. |
| Gelfi et al., 2006 [34] | Elderly and young subjects.Studied tissue: vastus lateralis muscle. | Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE and ESI-MS/MS. | Elderly group: downregulation of regulatory myosin light chains, (phosphorylated isoforms), higher proportion of myosin heavy chain isoforms 1 and 2A, and enhanced oxidative and reduced glycolytic capacity. |