Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for anemia and maternal aflatoxin levels stratified by malaria infection, helminth infection, and folate deficiency status among 580 pregnant women without laboratory evidence of iron deficiency anemia,* in Kumasi, Ghana
| Maternal aflatoxin B1-albumin adduct level (quartiles)† | Malaria | Helminthic infection‡ | Folate deficiency | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N = 89)§ | No (N = 488) | Yes (N = 144) | No (N = 436) | Yes (N = 227) | No (N = 353) | |
| OR (95% CI)¶ | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Low (≤ 2.67 pg/mg) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate (> 2.67 to ≤ 4.97 pg/mg) | 0.62 (0.13–2.94) | 1.90 (1.05–3.44) | 1.37 (0.44–4.29) | 1.54 (0.84–2.83) | 0.93 (0.39–2.23) | 2.12 (1.07–0.42) |
| High (≥ 4.97 to ≤ 11.34 pg/mg) | 0.49 (0.10–2.37) | 1.43 (0.77–2.66) | 2.02 (0.65–6.29) | 1.06 (0.55–2.05) | 2.41 (1.07–5.44) | 0.63 (0.26–1.54) |
| Very High (> 11.34 pg/mg) | 4.48 (0.87–23.18) | 1.91 (1.06–3.45) | 1.84 (0.61–5.5) | 2.06 (1.13–3.78) | 2.23 (0.99–5.06) | 1.94 (0.97–3.90) |
Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia based on participants with values below the reference ranges for any one of the following: MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), or MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin).
Alflatoxin levels categorized into quartiles.
Helminths investigated were Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Trichuris trichura.
Numbers may not add up to 580 because of missing values.
All odds ratios adjusted for age, educational level, income, marital status, and ethnicity.
Ref = reference group.