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Theoretical analysis of Thiele modulus and effectiveness factor for tissue engineering modules. Modules with very small diameters (< 0.40 mm) or very low cell densities (1 × 106 cells/ml) are not expected to experience significant mass transfer limitations (η > 0.9). However, as cell density increases (1 × 107 cells/ml) the negative effect of module diameter on effectiveness factor becomes more pronounced.
