Table 1. Tissues and body fluids known to demonstrate elevated osmolarity.
Species | Tissues/body fluids | Associated physiologic/pathologic conditions | Osmolarity (mOsm/kg H2O) Mean ± S.E. (or distribution) |
References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Serum | Diabetes mellitus (ketoacidosis) | 308 ± 4.9 | [69] |
Uremia | 318 ± 6.3 | [70] | ||
Dehydration after exercise | [71] | |||
Heat stroke | 297 ± 1.0 | [72] | ||
Fatal burn | 312 ± 22.1 | [73] | ||
Inflammatory sites | Experimental inflammation induced by subcutaneous injection of BCG |
400-600 | [68] | |
Tear | Keratoconjunctivitis sicca | 343 ± 32.3 | [100,101] | |
Synovial (joint) fluid | Normal subjects | 404 ± 57 | [81] | |
Faecal fluid | Under normal diet | 372 ± 11.4 | [102] | |
Pig | Uterine fluids | Embryonic development in uteri | 320 ± 32 | [103] |
Mouse | Spleen | Hyperosmotic microenvironment may be necessary for lymphocyte development and differentiation |
330-340 | [13] |
Thymus | Hyperosmotic microenvironment may be necessary for lymphocyte development and differentiation |
320-330 | [13] | |
Liver | 330-340 | [13] |
BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin