Cardinal points of light–response curves for lichens with and without a cortex. Absorptivity, proportion of photosynthetically active radiation that is absorbed; Fv/Fm, maximum quantum yield in the dark-adapted state; NPQ, non-photochemical quenching at a PFD of 70 µmol m−2s−1; Φ, quantum efficiency; ETRmax, maximum electron transport rate; PFDsat, photon flux density at 0.9 ETRmax; θ, convexity value. The latter four are derived by the fitted model. Means are shown with 1 SD (n = 14–20). If superscripts are the same, means cannot be distinguished significantly by Tukey's HSD or Fisher's LSD (in parentheses) at the P = 0.05 significance level. Numbers indicate transformation used for statistical testing: 1, log; 2, arcsinus transformation. Means are back transformed in this table.