Figure 1.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of cytokines from human gestational membranes in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of (A) interleukin-6 (IL-6), (B) interleukin-8 (IL-8), (C) interleukin-10 (IL-10), (D) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and (E) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) into culture medium of punch and transwell cultures. For the transwell cultures, the cytokine responses are shown for the amniotic chamber (TW Amn) and the choriodecidual chamber (TW CD). Data are represented as fold increase over non-treated control samples ± SEM. Transwell culture cytokine increases are provided separately for the amniotic and choriodecidual compartments. *Indicates significant difference compared with punch cultures (P < 0.05). ‡Indicates significant difference compared with TW-CD (P < 0.05). N = 7 membranes.