Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics by Diagnostic Group.
| TS | TS+ADHD | ADHD | Normal Controls | Test | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 56 | 45 | 64 | 71 | ||||||
| Mean Age (SD) | 10.94 | (2.23) | 11.29 | (2.69) | 11.66 | (2.87) | 11.49 | (2.51) | F3,232 = 0.85 | .467 |
| Gender (% male) | 46 | (82.1%) | 40 | (88.9%) | 45 | (70.3%) | 41 | (57.7%) | Chi23 = 16.71 | .001 |
| Race (% Caucasian) | 48 | (85.7%) | 43 | (95.6%) | 60 | (93.8%) | 66 | (93.0%) | Chi23 = 4.11 | .250 |
| Socioeconomic statusa | 1.19 | (0.86) | 1.93 | (0.84) | 2.02 | (0.88) | 2.13 | (0.91) | F3,232 = 0.77 | .509 |
| Mean Full Scale IQ (SD) | 112.10 | (15.18) | 115.45 | (17.11) | 111.05 | (19.70) | 116.69 | (17.66) | F3,223 = 1.42 | .238 |
| YGTSSb Total Tic Current | 20.40 | (9.45) | 18.27 | (7.54) | t82 = 1.14 | .259 | ||||
| YGTSS Total Tic Worst Ever | 27.70 | (7.22) | 29.48 | (7.19) | t82 = −1.12 | .265 | ||||
| Conners’ hyperactivity indexc | 53.7 | (12.8) | 69.4 | (13.9) | 71.0 | (12.3) | 42.2 | (8.8) | F3,218 = 78.24 | .001 |
| Medication Status (N, %) | ||||||||||
| On medicationd | 35 | (64.8%) | 32 | (71.1%) | 49 | (80.3%) | -- | |||
| No medication | 19 | (35.2%) | 13 | (28.9%) | 12 | (19.7%) | -- | Chi22 = 3.52 | .172 | |
| Other diagnosese (N,%) | ||||||||||
| OCD | 18 | (32.1%) | 16 | (35.6%) | 14 | (21.9%) | Chi22 = 2.78 | .249 | ||
| Oppositional Defiant | 8 | (17.0%) | 14 | (33.3%) | 15 | (26.3%) | -- | Chi22 = 3.17 | .205 | |
| Conduct Disorder | 0 | (0%) | 0 | (0%) | 3 | (5.3%) | -- | Chi22 = 4.78 | .092 | |
| Depression | 9 | (19.1%) | 11 | (26.2%) | 21 | (37.5%) | -- | Chi22 = 4.37 | .112 | |
| Anxiety (except OCD) | 11 | (23.4%) | 5 | (12.2%) | 13 | (23.2%) | -- | Chi22 = 2.25 | .325 | |
Note: OCD = Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; TS = Tourette Syndrome; YGTSS = Yale Global Tic Severity Scale.
Measured with the Hollingshead Index of Social Status.30 Distribution of educational attainment by study group is provided in Table S1, available online.
Total tic score (range 0-50) does not include Impairment score.
Post hoc pairwise test showed that all diagnostic groups scored higher than controls and TS+ADHD did not differ from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Included stimulants (N=49), alpha2 agonists (N=45), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (N=32), antipsychotics (N=32), anxiolytics (N=5), mood stabilizers (N=4), and tricyclic antidepressants (N=2); 47 subjects were receiving more than one type of medication).
Lifetime diagnosis based on structured interview and available data.